April 21 Flashcards
Each type of memory has four components
Storage capacity, duration of code, nature of code, and how information is lost
Modal model
Memory is divided into three separate storage areas: sensory, short term and long term
Sensory memory
Gateway btwn perception and memory
Limited
Iconic
Info in the sensory memory only if it is visual
Only lasts for a few tenths of a second
Echoic
Info in the sensory memory only if it is auditory
Lasts for three or four seconds
Items in the sensory memory are constantly being
Replaced by new input, with only certain items entering into short term memory
Visual persistence
Quickly moving fan- perception of fan being at many points in its rotation at once
George Sperling
Experimented on memory and partial report
He first presented participants with the matrix three rows of four letters each purchase of the second one he paired each line with either high medium or low pitched sound and ask participants to recall what they had seen their memories of the letters increased significantly from the first test
Short-term visual memory for iconic memory
Sperling called this ability to recall these lines of letters
Short term memory
holds information for a few seconds to a bout a minute
Information stored here is primarily acoustically coded, despite the nature of the original source
Can hold about seven items plus or -2
Items here are maintained by rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal
A simple repetition to keep an item in the short-term memory until it can be used
Elaborative rehearsal
Involves organization and understanding of the information that has been encoded in order to transfer the information to the long-term memory
Or effective than maintenance rehearsal for ensuring short-term memory information is sent to long-term memory and as a preferred way to study
Encoding
Stored and able to recall later
Items that are forgotten exit the short-term memory either by decay or interference
Decay: the passage of time
Interference: displaced by new information
Retro active interference
New information pushes old information out of the short-term memory
Primacy
Remembering the first items
Tends to persist longer
Recency
Remembering the last items
Tends to fade in about a day
Serial position effect
Overall effect of primacy and recency
Chunking
Grouping items of information into units
Semantically encoded
Encoded in the form of word meanings
Episodic memory
Memory for events that we ourselves have experienced
Semantic memory or declarative
Comprises facts, figures, and general world knowledge
Procedural memory
Consisting of skills and habits
Declarative (or explicit) memory
A memory a person can consciously consider and retrieve, such as episodic and semantic memory
Non-declarative (or implicit) memory
Beyond conscious consideration and would include procedural memory, priming, and classical conditioning
State dependent memory
States that information is more likely to be recalled if the attempt to retrieve it occurs in a situation similar to the situation in which it was encoded
Flashbulb memory
A very deep, vivid memory in the form of a visual image associated with a particular emotionally arousing event
Working memory
Used to process new information and it’s relationship to relevant information in the long term store
Located in the prefrontal cortex
Reconstruction
Occurs when we fit together pieces of an event that seem likely
Source amnesia
One likely cause of memory reconstruction
We attribute an event to a different source than it actually came from
Elizabeth Loftus
Study existence false memories
They have demonstrated that repeated suggestions and misleading questions can create false memories also known as framing
