April 23 Flashcards
Life span psychologists
Study development
Developmental psychology
Takes view that development is not a process with a clear ending
WAS thought to end with the onset of adolescence
It is now viewed as a process that continues from birth to death
Child psychologist
Study development but focus on a particular earlier portion of the typical life span
Erik erikson
First to successfully champion the view that development occurs across an entire lifetime
Normative development
Typical sequence of developmental changes for a group of people
Often studied using cross sectional method
Cross sectional method
Seeks to compare groups of people of various ages on similar tasks
Tells us little about the actual development of any single individual
Longitudinal method
To research the developmental processes
Involves following a small group of people over a long portion of their lives, assessing change at set intervals
More difficult and more expensive to conduct
Benefits of longitudinal research
Study of individuals over time rules out the differences between subjects that other studies include
Also allow for the study of the temporal order of events
Zygote
Fertilized egg Three stages Germinal Embryonic Fetal
Germinal stage
Zygotes undergo cell division and implant themselves on the uterine wall
Embryonic stage
Consists of organ formation and lasts until the beginning of the third month
Fetal stage
Sexual differentiation and movement begins to develop
Growth is rapid
Teratogens: harmful environmental agents
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetuses exposed to alcohol develop this resulting in physical abnormalities and cognitive deficiencies
Assimilation
Incorporating new ideas into existing schemas
Schema
Mental representation model
Accommodation
Modifying schema to include the new information
Maturationists
Emphasize the role of genetically programmed growth and development on the body, and particularly on the nervous system
Greater preprogrammed physiological development of the brain allows for more complex conceptualization and reasoning
Maturation
Biological readiness
Environmentalists
Opposing position of maturationists
Extreme form in Locke’s Tabula Rasa idea
Locke’s tabula rasa idea
All development is the direct result of learning, infants are born with a blank slate onto which experience etches it’s lesson
The organism develops more complex behaviors and cognition because it acquires more associations through learning
Discontinuous
Evidence of growth spurts and leaps of cognition support the discontinuous approach
Continuous approach
Gradual development such as social skills
Critical period
A time during which a skill or ability must develop; if the ability does not developed during that time, it probably will never develop or at least will not develop as well
Collectivist culture
Needs of society are placed before needs of the individual
Individualist culture
Cultures promote personal needs above the needs of society
Stages
Patterns of behavior that occur in a fixed sequence
Edges of stages are blurred and may overlap for various domains within a stage
Neonate
A newborn baby
Neonate reflexes
Sucking, Paulmar, Babinski, Head turning, Morro, orienting
Sucking reflex
Can be triggered by placing something in the baby’s mouth
Paulmar reflex
The automatic grabbing elicited by something being placed in one of the neonates hands
Babinski reflex
Stroking the bottom of the foot causes the toes to splay out
Head turning reflux a.k.a. the rooting reflex
The response elicited by touching the babies cheek
Moro reflex
splaying out of the limbs when a loud noise occurs
Orienting reflex
Activated when they orient themselves to sudden changes in their surroundings
Stereotyped ingestive responses
Sucking and smacking their lips, if someone places a drop of sugar water in their mouth
Sour and bitter flavors
Are often associated with harmful bacteria that can make the baby ill
Motor control and perceptual abilities
Dependent on neural development
Environmental interaction
Development of the nervous system depends on this
Depriving an eye of stimuli by covering it at the very beginning of life will lead to
Under development of a part of the occipital lobe responsible for vision in that Eye
Plasticity
Changeability
Experiment where third eye added to frog
Children have some
Innate reflexes at birth
Adulthood is marked by
Gradual decrease of physical abilities
Cognitive development
The development of learning, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, and related skills
Jean Piaget
Proposed an influential theory of cognitive development of children
Based on the concept of equilibriation
Equilibration
A child’s attempt to reach a balance between what the child encounters in the environment and what cognitive structures the child brings to the situation
Piaget
Believe that children go through a series of developmental stages times of these occur any fixed order
Sensorimotor
Act on objects that are present and begin to develop schemas but in capable of operations
Occurs during the first two years of life and is typified by reflexive reactions and then circular reactions, which are repeated behaviors by which the infant manipulates the environment