Final 2 Flashcards
gone for most 8 year olds
Letter reversals
[left parietal lobe corrects this orientation]
Spelling development parallels…
reading
Preschool:
Letter like form / symbols
Create symbolic-type forms in preschool
Kindergarten:
Letter Abbreviations; begin to link sounds with letters. Not uncommon for kids to struggle with the sound-symbol association ie. frm instead of from
Beginning phoneme-grapheme correspondence
First grade:
phonological awareness [hearing sounds of language] produce words that are phonetically equivalent.
Brot instead of brought
Second/third grade:
Spelling is accurate. still continue to have problems with sight words and exceptions. ‘Rite’ still follows a rule, but not the correct spelling
if letter reversal exists past age 8
problem with zones of overlapping that aren’t working to get letters to correct orientation; but it could also be a problem with sound-symbol association [when decoding/reading nonsense words]
kids that struggle with handwriting
write a little not a lot
Handwriting is distinct from…
written expression (written expression is similar to oral expression)
Handwriting is not just a motor activity it involves…
Have visual spatial; visual directional; somatosensory; motor; visual motor integration; and cerebellar.
spacing of words and letter/size of letters.
Right parietal
direction and detail – getting letters in correct orientation.
Left parietal
supplementray motor action =
experienced writer
pre-motor
learning to write
Exner’s area is important for handwriting.
left hemisphere supplementary motor cortex
Executive circuits and motor control
what-when
Cerebellar functions and motor control
how
Kids have
more right hemi activation when writing
Exner’s area
written expression
Broca’s area
langauge expression
Wernickes area
language comp
spelling can be worse than reading is because of
Exner’s area in the frontal lobe
Exner’s area in the frontal lobe
supplementary motor cortex in frontal lobe is important for allographic, or motor representation of letters
Front of the brain (exner’s area) carries out
the letter to letter formation
Content:
accuracy of words, ideas and organization of the content
Structure:
can calculate a grammatical correctness and look at an error ratio
Vocabulary
Diversification index: looks at number of commonly used words versus uncommonly used words in the passage.
Syntax:
look at the sentence/type of sentences used/clauses are used/have thought units [how many ideas are presented in a sentence?]
Fluency:
looking at automaticity of language. Oral and written expression are constrained by automaticity
Journaling builds…
Fluencey
Males do poorer with
orthography, spelling and handwriting, but not motor, have a hard time with cross-motor transfer. Turning things into written expression.
Low Semantics (n = 31).
Left Hemi
Low Grammar (n = 18) not a lot of words that are complex
Executive circuits and basal ganglia/Broca’s/Exner’s areas, insula
Low Reading/Spelling (n = 13) (SOUND - SYMBOL)
Angular gyrus, Reading regions, extrastriate, angular gyrus, superior temporal lobe
Poor Text Quality (n = 60)
Executive-dorsolateral for working memory, monitoring, evaluating, revising written product
Poor writers may have
poor executive functions
Frontal lobes:
working memory (retrieval, ordering); need to order things; definition of executive functions is the definition of a good writer. Keep track of writing and what you’re doing. Have to control your attention and focus written expression. (plan, organize, monitor, evaluate, attention, concentration)
Left hemisphere:
all the facts, words, details. Knowledge base and bank of words that your frontal lobes will use to write written expression. (Detail, local, routine, crystallized, convergent/concordant)
Right hemisphere:
need to be flexible when writing. Able to modify and change the sentence and think of another way to say it. Being creative to express yourself in different ways. (novel/ global/ divergent / discordant, fluid abilities)
Simple syntax / expressive language =
Broca’s on the left anterior frontal
Left anterior frontal - pre motor = & exners =
premotor = verbs , Exners =handwriting and spelling
Left posterior [in temporal lobe]:
Semantics -need a lot of meaning
Left posterior [in OCCIPITAL temporal lobe]:
Word spelling
Right anterior [frontal lobe]:
complex syntax.
Complex syntax =
Broca’s on the right anterior frontal lobe. Higher level writing. Need right hemisphere for poetry.
Right posterior:
spatial feedback; can visualize things. Create a picture in your mind/visualize what you see going on, then write it out, or they can draw it out, or act it out.
Right Posterior Temporal:
Implicit and
Complex Semantics: Multiple
Word Meanings
- More frontal and left hemisphere activation
- More cerebellar and supplementary motor
- Better executive-language-motor interactions
Good writers
- More right frontal activation and nonverbal working memory
- Poorer search and integration of thought and mechanics
Poor Writers
Written expression –
executive function (pre frontal cortex)
Retrieval problem / getting things out (even key words)–
right frontal (common in ADHD)
PLEASE helps with this
Getting things out and evaluating what they know
Tower Method
engages in error analysis and revisions
verbs =
frontal lobe
nouns
medial temporal lobe
Scope method =
good for kids with cingulate disfunction - revision / proof reading method
