Final Flashcards
list features that all prokaryotes have
cell membrane
cytoplasm
robosome
list features that some prokaryotes have
-cell wall
-pili
-flagellum
-capsule
-internal membranes
-cytoskeleton
what does cytoplasm have
cytosol
what do ribosomes do
make proteins
what does cell wall do
provide strength, peptidoglycan
what does pili do
provide movement,
-genetic exchange
what does flagellum do
attachment
what does capsule do
protect from immune system
-prevent drying out
-attachment
what do internal membranes do
photosynthesis
what does cytoskeleton do
cell division
list features of eukaryotes
-nucleus
-cell membrane
-ribosome
-golgi apparatus
-mitochondria
-endoplasmic reticulum
what does golgi apparatus do
UPS
what does mitochondria do
site for conversion of stored energy
what does rough er do
-have ribosomes
-produce phospholipds for cellular membrane
what does smooth er do
-makes lipids, carbs, steroid hormones
-detoxification of molecules
-stores calcium
-glycogen degradation in animal cells
what do lysosomes do
digestive properties
-fuse with phagosomes
what do phagosomes do
break down food, bacteria, dead cells
-fusee with lysosomes
what do microfilaments control
movement, shape
what are microfilaments made of
actin monomers
what is dynamic instability
no net growth
what do intermediate filaments do
anchor cell and resist tension
what are microtubules made from and what do they do
made from tubulin, hollow,
-form rigid internal skeleton
-allows motor proteins to move- movement for cilia and flagellum
what end is kinesin
+
what end is dyenin
-
what does dyenin do
drives cilia and flagellum
what happens when there’s nexin
bending
what happens when there’s no nexin
sliding
what organism is the extracellular matrix in
animal cells
features of collagen
protein, fiborous
features od proteoglycans
protein w long carb side chains
what are the funcitons of the extracellular matrix
-hold cells together in tissues
-communication
-filtering
-cell orientation
name the types of cell junctions
tight-nothing can pass
gap-water +small molecules can pass
desomones- materials can still pas
list the chemical bonds from strongest to weakest
ionic
covalent
hydrogen
hydrophobic
van der waals
what is the monomer for proteins
amino acids
what is the monomer for lipids
fatty acids
what is the monomer for nucleic acids
nucleotides
what is the monomer for carbs
sugar
how many double bonds do saturated lipids have
less than or equal to one
how many double bonds do unsaturated fats have
greater than 1
how are saturated fats packed
packed tightly and rigid
how are unsaturated fats packed
loosely
what type of fat is solid at room temperature
saturated
what happens if there is cholesterol in the membrane
there’s less fluidity
what happens when there’s more van der waals interactions
more fluidity
what are the functions of the cell membrane
compartmentalization
scaffold for biochemical activities
selectively permeable
response to external signals+ initiating cellular responses
-adhering to neighboring cells
what is in the cell membrane
lipids, carbs, proteins
what type of proteins are on/in the cell membrane
peripheral and intgral
what is diffused by simple diffusion
small nonpolar/uncharged molecules
gasses
what does facilitated diffusion do
mpve substances down concentration gradients
what are channel proteins
open/gates
what are carrier proteins
bind and carry specific molecules
what do enzymes do
lower activation energy
how do enzymes lower activation energy
-stressing it to react
-providing optimal environment
-positioning for perfect alignment
-chemically change
name steps in cellular respiration
glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation
citric acid cycle
what does glycolysis produce
2 atp, 2 nadh, 2 pyruvate
what’s required for pyruvate oxidation
pyruvate from glycolysis
what does pyruvate oxidation produce
acetyl coA.co2, nadh
what is required for the citric acid cycle to start
acetyl coA and oxaloacetate
what does malate dehydrogenase do
convert nad+ to nadh
what is fermentation
no oxygen
nadh to nad+
allows glycolysis to redo
what is the reduced form
NADH
what is the oxidized form
NAD+
what is reduction
gain of electrons
what is oxidation
donating electrons
describe the process of photosynthesis
- photon comes from sun
- passes through chloroophyll until the middle
- electron gets to excited state, absorbs energy, becomes Chl*
-light becomes chemical enegy - gets positive charge bc electrons are donates
describe photosystem I
p700
unstable Chl
NADPH made(from NAD+ and H+)
describe photosystem II
p680
Chl oxidizes H2O
has water and oxygen
H2O donates electron to Chl, releasing oxygen
what do light reactions produce
ATP and NADPH
where do light reactions occur
thykaloid
where does the calvin cycle occur
stroma
what does the calvin cycle produce
NADP+ and ADP to start light reactions,
G3P and RuBP
describe the cyclic pathway
photosystem I
makes ATP
describe noncyclic pathway
photosystem I and II
makes ATP and NADPH
describe G protein coupled receptor
inactive when binds
exchanges GDP for GTP
alpha separates from beta and y
GTP hydrolyzed to GDP
restarts
describe protein kinase signaling
some dimerize
signal molecules attaches
ATP to 6 ADP
receptor activates
proteins attach
cellular response
Once a Protein kinase cell surface receptor has its signal/ligand bound, a target protein is phosphorylated
