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Biology 12 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

list features that all prokaryotes have

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
robosome

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2
Q

list features that some prokaryotes have

A

-cell wall
-pili
-flagellum
-capsule
-internal membranes
-cytoskeleton

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3
Q

what does cytoplasm have

A

cytosol

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4
Q

what do ribosomes do

A

make proteins

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5
Q

what does cell wall do

A

provide strength, peptidoglycan

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6
Q

what does pili do

A

provide movement,
-genetic exchange

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7
Q

what does flagellum do

A

attachment

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8
Q

what does capsule do

A

protect from immune system
-prevent drying out
-attachment

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9
Q

what do internal membranes do

A

photosynthesis

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10
Q

what does cytoskeleton do

A

cell division

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11
Q

list features of eukaryotes

A

-nucleus
-cell membrane
-ribosome
-golgi apparatus
-mitochondria
-endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

what does golgi apparatus do

A

UPS

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13
Q

what does mitochondria do

A

site for conversion of stored energy

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14
Q

what does rough er do

A

-have ribosomes
-produce phospholipds for cellular membrane

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15
Q

what does smooth er do

A

-makes lipids, carbs, steroid hormones
-detoxification of molecules
-stores calcium
-glycogen degradation in animal cells

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16
Q

what do lysosomes do

A

digestive properties
-fuse with phagosomes

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17
Q

what do phagosomes do

A

break down food, bacteria, dead cells
-fusee with lysosomes

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18
Q

what do microfilaments control

A

movement, shape

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19
Q

what are microfilaments made of

A

actin monomers

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20
Q

what is dynamic instability

A

no net growth

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21
Q

what do intermediate filaments do

A

anchor cell and resist tension

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22
Q

what are microtubules made from and what do they do

A

made from tubulin, hollow,
-form rigid internal skeleton
-allows motor proteins to move- movement for cilia and flagellum

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23
Q

what end is kinesin

A

+

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24
Q

what end is dyenin

A

-

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25
Q

what does dyenin do

A

drives cilia and flagellum

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26
Q

what happens when there’s nexin

A

bending

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27
Q

what happens when there’s no nexin

A

sliding

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28
Q

what organism is the extracellular matrix in

A

animal cells

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29
Q

features of collagen

A

protein, fiborous

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30
Q

features od proteoglycans

A

protein w long carb side chains

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31
Q

what are the funcitons of the extracellular matrix

A

-hold cells together in tissues
-communication
-filtering
-cell orientation

32
Q

name the types of cell junctions

A

tight-nothing can pass
gap-water +small molecules can pass
desomones- materials can still pas

33
Q

list the chemical bonds from strongest to weakest

A

ionic
covalent
hydrogen
hydrophobic
van der waals

34
Q

what is the monomer for proteins

A

amino acids

35
Q

what is the monomer for lipids

A

fatty acids

36
Q

what is the monomer for nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

37
Q

what is the monomer for carbs

A

sugar

38
Q

how many double bonds do saturated lipids have

A

less than or equal to one

39
Q

how many double bonds do unsaturated fats have

A

greater than 1

40
Q

how are saturated fats packed

A

packed tightly and rigid

41
Q

how are unsaturated fats packed

A

loosely

42
Q

what type of fat is solid at room temperature

A

saturated

43
Q

what happens if there is cholesterol in the membrane

A

there’s less fluidity

44
Q

what happens when there’s more van der waals interactions

A

more fluidity

45
Q

what are the functions of the cell membrane

A

compartmentalization
scaffold for biochemical activities
selectively permeable
response to external signals+ initiating cellular responses
-adhering to neighboring cells

46
Q

what is in the cell membrane

A

lipids, carbs, proteins

47
Q

what type of proteins are on/in the cell membrane

A

peripheral and intgral

48
Q

what is diffused by simple diffusion

A

small nonpolar/uncharged molecules
gasses

49
Q

what does facilitated diffusion do

A

mpve substances down concentration gradients

50
Q

what are channel proteins

A

open/gates

51
Q

what are carrier proteins

A

bind and carry specific molecules

52
Q

what do enzymes do

A

lower activation energy

53
Q

how do enzymes lower activation energy

A

-stressing it to react
-providing optimal environment
-positioning for perfect alignment
-chemically change

54
Q

name steps in cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation
citric acid cycle

55
Q

what does glycolysis produce

A

2 atp, 2 nadh, 2 pyruvate

56
Q

what’s required for pyruvate oxidation

A

pyruvate from glycolysis

57
Q

what does pyruvate oxidation produce

A

acetyl coA.co2, nadh

58
Q

what is required for the citric acid cycle to start

A

acetyl coA and oxaloacetate

59
Q

what does malate dehydrogenase do

A

convert nad+ to nadh

60
Q

what is fermentation

A

no oxygen
nadh to nad+
allows glycolysis to redo

61
Q

what is the reduced form

A

NADH

62
Q

what is the oxidized form

A

NAD+

63
Q

what is reduction

A

gain of electrons

64
Q

what is oxidation

A

donating electrons

65
Q

describe the process of photosynthesis

A
  1. photon comes from sun
  2. passes through chloroophyll until the middle
  3. electron gets to excited state, absorbs energy, becomes Chl*
    -light becomes chemical enegy
  4. gets positive charge bc electrons are donates
66
Q

describe photosystem I

A

p700
unstable Chl
NADPH made(from NAD+ and H+)

67
Q

describe photosystem II

A

p680
Chl oxidizes H2O
has water and oxygen
H2O donates electron to Chl, releasing oxygen

68
Q

what do light reactions produce

A

ATP and NADPH

69
Q

where do light reactions occur

A

thykaloid

70
Q

where does the calvin cycle occur

A

stroma

71
Q

what does the calvin cycle produce

A

NADP+ and ADP to start light reactions,
G3P and RuBP

72
Q

describe the cyclic pathway

A

photosystem I
makes ATP

73
Q

describe noncyclic pathway

A

photosystem I and II
makes ATP and NADPH

74
Q

describe G protein coupled receptor

A

inactive when binds
exchanges GDP for GTP
alpha separates from beta and y
GTP hydrolyzed to GDP
restarts

75
Q

describe protein kinase signaling

A

some dimerize
signal molecules attaches
ATP to 6 ADP
receptor activates
proteins attach
cellular response
Once a Protein kinase cell surface receptor has its signal/ligand bound, a target protein is phosphorylated

Biology 12 (5 decks)

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