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Biology 12 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What regulates the eukaryotic cell cycle?

A

checkpoints and regulators

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2
Q

List positive regulators in the cell cycle

A

cyclin, CDK

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3
Q

what is cyclin?

A

positive regulator

proteins that are made and broken and specific times

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4
Q

what is CDK

A

activates by binding to cyclin(active site exposed)

phosphorylates target proteins to regulate cell cycle

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5
Q

List negative regulators of the cell cycle

A

Rb
p53
p21

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6
Q

What is Rb and what does it do?

A

protein that monitors cell size

active and dephosphorylated

binds to transcritopn factor, blocking G1/S transition

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7
Q

What happens to Rb if the cell size increases?

A

Rb phosphorylates and becomes in active, relasing E2F, allowing cell cycle to continue

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8
Q

What is p53 and what does it do?

A

negative regualtor

monitors DNA damage

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9
Q

What does p53 do if there is DNA damage in the cell?

A

stops cell cycle

calls repair enzymes

if doesn’t work, cell death

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10
Q

What is p21 and what does it do?

A

negative regulator

binds to p53 and inhibits CDK/cyclin

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11
Q

What are tumor suppressors and what do they do?

A

negative cell cycle regulator

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12
Q

What happens if a tumor supressor is mutated/inhibited?

A

too many cell divisions and to little cell death-> tumor

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13
Q

What are proto-oncogenes and what do they do?

A

postive cell cycle regulator

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14
Q

What happens if a proto-oncogene is mutated or inhibited?

A

too much cell division-> tumor

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15
Q

what is the product of asexual reproduction

A

clone cells

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16
Q

what is the product of sexual reproduction

A

genetically different cells

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17
Q

what is fusion of gametes

A

fertilization

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18
Q

what is the product of germ cells undergoing meiosis

A

haploid gametes

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19
Q

what does fertilization produce

A

diploid zygote

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20
Q

what happens in prophase I of meiosis

A

homologs pair

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21
Q

what happens in prometaphase I of meiosis?

A

homologs cross over

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22
Q

what happens in metaphase I of meiosis?

A

kinetichore goes to centromere, lined up at midline independtly

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23
Q

what happens in anaphase I of meiosis?

A

homologs separate

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24
Q

what happens in telophase I of meiosis

A

chromosomes decondense and gather at opposite ends

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25
Q

what happens in prohase II of meiosis?

A

sister chromatids condense

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26
Q

what happens in prometaphse II of meiosis?

A

nuclear envelopes disappear

spindle fibers engase kinetochore on sister chromatids

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27
Q

what happens in anaphase II of meiosis?

A

sister chromatids pulled apart by shortened micro tubules

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28
Q

what happens in telophase II of meiosis

A

chromosomes decondese and go to opposite ends

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29
Q

how does meisos cause genetic diversity?

A

when homologs cross, they get different outcomes by the pull when theyre separated

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30
Q

what type of cells does mitosis end in?

A

similar diploids

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31
Q

what type of cells does meiosis end in

A

different haploids

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32
Q

What did Gregor Mendel work with and why?

A

garden peas bc they self fertilize

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33
Q

what is the ratio in a monohybrid cross?

A

3:1

3 is dominant, 1 is recessive

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34
Q

dihybrid cross ratio

A

9:3:3:1

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35
Q

what is a characteristic?

A

observable trait

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36
Q

what is a trait

A

form of a character

37
Q

what is true breeding

A

where plants have same variety as crossed

38
Q

is true breeding heterozygous or homozygous

A

homozygous

39
Q

what is mendels law of segration

A

alleles separate when gametes are made

40
Q

provide proof of mendels law of segregation

A

anaphase I of meiosis

41
Q

what is mendels law of independent assortment

A

alleles assort independently when gametes are made (because of the separation)

42
Q

provide proof of mendels law of independent assortment

A

metaphase I of meisosis, they line up independently

43
Q

what is independent assortment

A

assorting on different chromosomes

44
Q

show an autosomal dominant genotype

A

AA or Aa

45
Q

show an autosomal recessive genotype

A

aa

46
Q

what is epistasis

A

where certain alleles mask the effect of other alleles

47
Q

define genetic linkage

A

genes on same chrmosome

48
Q

what is locus

A

location of gene

49
Q

what is a gentic map made of

A

recombination frequencies

50
Q

anueploidy definition

A

too many/ too few chromosomes

51
Q

monosomy

A

2n-1

52
Q

trisomy

A

2n+1

53
Q

polyploidy

A

extra set of chromosomes

54
Q

triploid

A

3n

55
Q

tetraploid

A

4n

56
Q

deletion

A

loss of chromosomal segment

57
Q

dubplication

A

repeat of chromosomal segment

58
Q

inversion

A

180 flip of chromosomal segment

59
Q

translocation

A

piece of chromosome moved to another

60
Q

maternal age effect

A

older you get, higher risk of abnormal chromosomes

61
Q

what is the chromosome theory of inheritance

A

since chromosomes are on genes, inheritance is explained by behavior of chromosome

62
Q

what is thomas hunt famous for

A

-geneticist
-helped us understand genetic linkage and chromosome theory of inheritance

63
Q

what determines genetic linkage

A

recombinace frequency of less than 50%

64
Q

what happens if recombinance frequency is 50%

A

on different chromosomes, assort independently

65
Q

what happens if recombinance frequency is less than 50%

A

on same chromosome, has genetic linkage

66
Q

why would nondisjunction occur?

A

-if homologs dont separate in anaphase I of meiosis

-if sister chromatids dont separate in anaphase II of meiosis

67
Q

what n bases are purines?

A

AG

68
Q

what n bases are pyrimadines

A

CT

69
Q

what do nucleotides consist of?

A

phosphate groups, nitrogenase bases, deoxyribose

70
Q

what was griffiths experiment about

A

transforming principle

71
Q

what was hershey and chase’s experiment about

A

genetic material (bacteriophoase)gets injected and allows for modification

72
Q

what was macleod+mccarthy+avery’s experiment about

A

dna from strain can genetically transform S cells to R cells

73
Q

what did watson+crick prove

A

there are equal amounts of each base and their pair

74
Q

what is in deoxyribose

A

sugar, n bases, phosphate groups

75
Q

whats semi conservative dna replicatio

A

one exact copy(parental) one new copy

76
Q

where does replication begin

A

ori

77
Q

how many ori do prokaryotes have

A

1

78
Q

how many ori do eukaryotes have

A

multiple

79
Q

describe the process of dna replication

A

-unwinds, both become parental
-template

80
Q

what does topiosomerase do

A

prevent too much coiling

81
Q

what does helicase do

A

unzip

82
Q

what does primase do

A

makes up RNA primer

83
Q

why is primase important

A

used to make daughter strand

84
Q

what do single-strand binding proteins do

A

keep strands open

85
Q

what is telomerase

A

RNA that complimets overhang of 3’ end

86
Q

how is DNA corrected?

A

proofreading
mismatch repair

87
Q

how does proof reading work and when

A

after replication, recognizes and repairs errors

88
Q

how does mismatch repair work and when

A

during replication, scans for mismatched bases and repairs

Biology 12 (3 decks)

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