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Biology 12 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do atoms have?

A

Neutrons and protons in the nucleus, electrons in the outer layer

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2
Q

What are protons, neutrons, and electrons?

A

Subatomic particles

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3
Q

What form of amino acids are used to make proteins?

A

L form

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4
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Hydrogen bonds holding water together

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5
Q

What is surface tension and what causes it?

A

Cohesion allowing water not to rupture when the cup is full

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6
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Allows water to stick to surfaces

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7
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Electronegativity difference is greater than 2, electrons are given instead of shared. The substances have opposite charges

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8
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Strongest bond, electrons are shared which makes the elements more equal

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9
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Weakest bond, formed between a partially negatively charged element and a partially positively charged hydrogen element.

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10
Q

What is a hydrophobic bond?

A

Formed between nonpolar substances

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11
Q

What is van der waals interaction?

A

Non polar, caused by change in electron density

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12
Q

What is a hydroxyl group and what does it do?

A

Polar, allows linkage through condensation

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13
Q

What is a methyl group?

A

nonpolar

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14
Q

What is a carbonyl group?

A

polar

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15
Q

What is a carboxyl group?

A

Releases H+ ion, making it acidic. Makes up amino acids

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16
Q

What is an amino group

A

Accepts H+ ion, making it basic. Makes up amino acids

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17
Q

What is a phosphate group?

A

Releases H+ ion, making it acidic.

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18
Q

What is a sulfhydryl group?

A

Polar, stabilizes protein structure

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19
Q

What are the 4 kinds of macromolecules?

A

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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20
Q

What monomer makes up carbs?

A

Sugar

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21
Q

What monomer makes up proteins?

A

Amino acids

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22
Q

What monomer makes up nucleic acids?

A

Nucelotides

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23
Q

What monomer makes up lipids?

A

Fatty acids

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24
Q

Are fatty acids polar or nonpolar?

A

nonpolar

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25
Q

What is condensation?

A

Dehydration synthesis
water is released to make monomers to polymer

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26
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Water is added to make polymers to monomers

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27
Q

What is energy?

A

Capacity to do work and change

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28
Q

What is metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions at a time

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29
Q

What is potential energy

A

stored energy

30
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

energy in movement

31
Q

What is free energy?

A

usable energy

32
Q

+△G means?

A

unfavorable, energy is required

33
Q

-△G means?

A

favorable, energy is released

34
Q

What does anabolic mean?

A

Energy required, monomer to polymer(endergonic)

35
Q

What does catabolic mean?

A

Energy released, polymer to monomer(exergonic/exothermic)

36
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy is not made or destroyed in transformations

37
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

the amount of free energy decreases when transformation occurs

38
Q

What is the molecular formula of carbohydrates?

A

CnH2nOn or

(CH2O)n

39
Q

What is carbon linked to in the the carbohydrate molecular formula?

A

hydrogen or hydroxyl group

40
Q

What are the roles of carbohydrates?

A

Storing energy
Signaling
Transporting stored energy

41
Q

What type of linkages are in carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic linkages (covalent)

Disaccharide

Oligosaccharides

42
Q

What do oligosaccharides do?

A

Bond to lipids and proteins which can allow them to turn on

43
Q

What is cellulose found in?

A

Plant cells

44
Q

What is glycogen found in?

A

Animal cells

45
Q

What is starch found in?

A

Plant cells

46
Q

Which is the most compact and why?

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

A

Glycogen, has the most branches

47
Q

What is starch, cellulose, and glycogen made of?

A

Polysaccharides

48
Q

What are the roles of lipids?

A

Energy storage

Structure in cell membranes

Thermal insulation

49
Q

Why are lipids insoluble?

A

They are made up of fatty acids which is nonpolar

50
Q

What are lipids held together by?

A

peptide bonds

51
Q

List characteristics of unsaturated fats

A

-more double bonds
-kinks in chain
-not packed tightly
-liquid at room temp

52
Q

List characteristics of saturated fats

A

-more hydrogen
-straight
-packed tightly
-solid @ room temp
-from animals

53
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

Substance has both polar and nonpolar parts

54
Q

What type of chains do transunsaturated fats have?

A

straight

55
Q

What are the characteristics of sterols?

A

-3 rings have 6 carbons
- 1 has 5 carbons

56
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does AT have?

A

2

57
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does CG have?

A

3

58
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double Helix

Nucleotide has no oxygen

AT and CG

Stays in the nucleus

59
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

Single stranded (tRNA can fold)

Nucleotide has oxygen

AU and CG

leaves nucleus

messenger

transfer

ribosomal

60
Q

Where are saturated fats from?

A

animals

61
Q

What type of fats are liquid at room temperature?

A

unsaturated

62
Q

How many hydrophobic regions do integral proteins have?

A

one or more

63
Q

What is the primary structure made out of

A

amino acid sequence
peptide bonds

64
Q

What is the secondary structure made of?

A

alpha and beta pleated sheets
hydrogen bonds

65
Q

What is the tertiary structure made of?

A

Mix of alpha and beta pleated sheets
noncovalent bonds

66
Q

What is the quaternary structure made of?

A

Multiple tertiary structures

67
Q

Which terminus are substances added to?

A

C temrinus

68
Q

What terminus has the amino acid sequence?

A

N terminus

69
Q

What happens in a hypertonic environment?

A

Outside has more than the cell
cell shrinks

70
Q

What happens in a hypotonic environment

A

Inside has more than the cell

cell can burst

71
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

ions/ molecules are moved up from hydrolysis

uses ATP

72
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

different substances are transported

ATP not directly used

Biology 12 (3 decks)

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