Exam 2 Flashcards
What do atoms have?
Neutrons and protons in the nucleus, electrons in the outer layer
What are protons, neutrons, and electrons?
Subatomic particles
What form of amino acids are used to make proteins?
L form
What is cohesion?
Hydrogen bonds holding water together
What is surface tension and what causes it?
Cohesion allowing water not to rupture when the cup is full
What is adhesion?
Allows water to stick to surfaces
What is an ionic bond?
Electronegativity difference is greater than 2, electrons are given instead of shared. The substances have opposite charges
What is a covalent bond?
Strongest bond, electrons are shared which makes the elements more equal
What is a hydrogen bond?
Weakest bond, formed between a partially negatively charged element and a partially positively charged hydrogen element.
What is a hydrophobic bond?
Formed between nonpolar substances
What is van der waals interaction?
Non polar, caused by change in electron density
What is a hydroxyl group and what does it do?
Polar, allows linkage through condensation
What is a methyl group?
nonpolar
What is a carbonyl group?
polar
What is a carboxyl group?
Releases H+ ion, making it acidic. Makes up amino acids
What is an amino group
Accepts H+ ion, making it basic. Makes up amino acids
What is a phosphate group?
Releases H+ ion, making it acidic.
What is a sulfhydryl group?
Polar, stabilizes protein structure
What are the 4 kinds of macromolecules?
Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What monomer makes up carbs?
Sugar
What monomer makes up proteins?
Amino acids
What monomer makes up nucleic acids?
Nucelotides
What monomer makes up lipids?
Fatty acids
Are fatty acids polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar
What is condensation?
Dehydration synthesis
water is released to make monomers to polymer
What is hydrolysis?
Water is added to make polymers to monomers
What is energy?
Capacity to do work and change
What is metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions at a time
What is potential energy
stored energy
What is kinetic energy?
energy in movement
What is free energy?
usable energy
+△G means?
unfavorable, energy is required
-△G means?
favorable, energy is released
What does anabolic mean?
Energy required, monomer to polymer(endergonic)
What does catabolic mean?
Energy released, polymer to monomer(exergonic/exothermic)
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy is not made or destroyed in transformations
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
the amount of free energy decreases when transformation occurs
What is the molecular formula of carbohydrates?
CnH2nOn or
(CH2O)n
What is carbon linked to in the the carbohydrate molecular formula?
hydrogen or hydroxyl group
What are the roles of carbohydrates?
Storing energy
Signaling
Transporting stored energy
What type of linkages are in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic linkages (covalent)
Disaccharide
Oligosaccharides
What do oligosaccharides do?
Bond to lipids and proteins which can allow them to turn on
What is cellulose found in?
Plant cells
What is glycogen found in?
Animal cells
What is starch found in?
Plant cells
Which is the most compact and why?
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Glycogen, has the most branches
What is starch, cellulose, and glycogen made of?
Polysaccharides
What are the roles of lipids?
Energy storage
Structure in cell membranes
Thermal insulation
Why are lipids insoluble?
They are made up of fatty acids which is nonpolar
What are lipids held together by?
peptide bonds
List characteristics of unsaturated fats
-more double bonds
-kinks in chain
-not packed tightly
-liquid at room temp
List characteristics of saturated fats
-more hydrogen
-straight
-packed tightly
-solid @ room temp
-from animals
What does amphipathic mean?
Substance has both polar and nonpolar parts
What type of chains do transunsaturated fats have?
straight
What are the characteristics of sterols?
-3 rings have 6 carbons
- 1 has 5 carbons
How many hydrogen bonds does AT have?
2
How many hydrogen bonds does CG have?
3
What is the structure of DNA?
Double Helix
Nucleotide has no oxygen
AT and CG
Stays in the nucleus
What is the structure of RNA?
Single stranded (tRNA can fold)
Nucleotide has oxygen
AU and CG
leaves nucleus
messenger
transfer
ribosomal
Where are saturated fats from?
animals
What type of fats are liquid at room temperature?
unsaturated
How many hydrophobic regions do integral proteins have?
one or more
What is the primary structure made out of
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
What is the secondary structure made of?
alpha and beta pleated sheets
hydrogen bonds
What is the tertiary structure made of?
Mix of alpha and beta pleated sheets
noncovalent bonds
What is the quaternary structure made of?
Multiple tertiary structures
Which terminus are substances added to?
C temrinus
What terminus has the amino acid sequence?
N terminus
What happens in a hypertonic environment?
Outside has more than the cell
cell shrinks
What happens in a hypotonic environment
Inside has more than the cell
cell can burst
What is primary active transport?
ions/ molecules are moved up from hydrolysis
uses ATP
What is secondary active transport?
different substances are transported
ATP not directly used