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Biology 12 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

speed up processes by lowering activation energy

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2
Q

How do enzymes do their job?

A

-positioning substrate for reaction
-stressing it out to be more reactive
-providing optimal environment for subtrate

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3
Q

What is competitive inhibtion?

A

beating the substrate to active site

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4
Q

What is noncompetitive inhibition?

A

binding somewhere other than the active site closing the active site, not allowing the substrate to bind to active site

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5
Q

What happens in allosteric regulation when it’s active?

A

they bind somewhere other than active site, keeping it on

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6
Q

What happens in allosteric regulation when it’s inactive?

A

bind somewhere other than active site keeping it off

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7
Q

what does positive feedback do?

A

speed up process

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8
Q

what does negative feedback do?

A

slow down/ turn off process (no more needed)

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9
Q

What is the effect of temperature and pH on enzymatic activity?

A

there is an optimal pH and temperature, cannot be too high or too low.

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10
Q

Name the principles of metabolic pathways

A
  1. Complex chemical reactions occur in a series of separate, intermidiate reactions that form a metabolic pathway
  2. Each pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
  3. Most pathways are similar in all organisms
  4. In eukaryotes, most pathways are compartmentalized, making certain reactions occur in certain organelles
  5. key enzymes will either inhibit or activate which will determine the speed of the reaction
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11
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

transfer of electrons

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12
Q

What happens in reduction

A

electron is accepted/gained

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13
Q

what happens in oxidation?

A

electron is released

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14
Q

Which is in oxidized form:

NADH or NAD+

A

NAD+

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15
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

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16
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate

2ATP

2 NADH

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17
Q

Why is the process of glycolysis so long?

A

To not create too much energy

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18
Q

Why is energy released in glycolysis?

A

to restart the process

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19
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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20
Q

What catalyzes pyruvate oxidation?

A

enzyme called pyruvate dehydrogenase

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21
Q

What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?

A

Co2

Acetyl CoA

NADH

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22
Q

What is Acetyl CoA used for?

A

Starting the citric acid cycle

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23
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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24
Q

What is used to start the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

Oxaloacetate

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25
Q

How many times does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

2

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26
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

A

6 NADH
CO2
2 FADH2
Oxaloacetate

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27
Q

Why does the citric acid cycle produce oxaloacetate?

A

To keep the cycle going

28
Q

Where does the CO2 go?

A

Used in photosynthesis

29
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

30
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen

31
Q

Describe the order of transformations in the electron transport chain

A

NADH->NAD+ + H+

FADH2-> FAD

2H+ +1/2O2->H2O

32
Q

What are the two ways that ATP gets synthesized?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

Chemiosmosis

33
Q

What happens in substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Phosphate + Substrate bind to active site of enzyme, turning ADP to ATP

34
Q

What happens in chemiosmosis

A

Hydrogen gradient is used to phosphorylize ADP to ATP

Also uses proton gradient (low and high concentration) where proton moves through ATP synthase and catalyzes in reaction, allowing motor protein to move

35
Q

During what process is the most ATP made?

A

electron transport

36
Q

What is released in cellular respiration?

A

CO2

37
Q

What process does CO2 go to?

A

photosynthesis

38
Q

What is released in photosynthesis

A

O2

39
Q

What process does O2 go to?

A

cellular respiration

40
Q

Where does photosynthesis (light reactions) occur?

A

thylakoid

41
Q

What is used in photo synthesis?

A

NADP+ and ADP

42
Q

What is created in photosynthesis

A

NADPH (photosystem I)

ATP (photosystem II)

43
Q

What happens in photosynthesis?

A

Photon with the correct wavelength brings energy which is passed to chlorophyll to chlorophyll until the center.

Specialized chlorophyll get the energy which turns the electrons to their excited state to become chemical energy

44
Q

Where is the electron from in photosystem I?

A

photosystem II

45
Q

Which pathway takes place in photosystem I?

A

cyclic pathway

46
Q

What is in photosystem II?

A

Water
Oxygen
Reaction center chlorophyll

47
Q

How is chemiosmosis related to light reactions?

A

chemiosmosis allows ADP to phosphorylize to ATP using proton gradient

48
Q

Which pathway makes more ATP than NADPH?

Noncyclic or Cyclic

A

cyclic

49
Q

What are the three procceses of the calven cycle

A

Fixation of CO2

Reduction of ATP and NADPH to form G3P

Regeneration of RuBP

50
Q

How much CO2 is used in the calvin cycle?

A

3

51
Q

What is a product of the calvin cycle?

A

Sugar

52
Q

What enzyme is used in the calvin cycle?

A

rubisco

53
Q

What is rubisco?

A

Slow enzyme (a lot of them to make up for it) that catalyzes CO2 to RuBP

54
Q

Where and when does the calvin cycle take place

A

In stroma, can occur after daylight but not for long (needs ATP)

55
Q

What is cAMP?

A

second messenger

made by adenyl cyclase

activates or inhibits enzymes noncovalently

regulates enzymes

56
Q

Describe phosphorylation

A

catalyzed by protein kinase

can inhibit but not always activate

57
Q

What does protein kinase do?

A

signals molecules

bind to receptors

uses ATP to activate relay proteins which makes cellular response

58
Q

List the process of fission

A

signal from environment

DNA replication

Segregation

Cytokinesis- two new cells

59
Q

How much NADH does pyruvate oxidation make?

A

2

60
Q

How much FADH is made in the calvin cycle

A

2

61
Q

How much NADH is made in the calvin cycle?

A

6

62
Q

How much total ATP is made in the electron transport chain?

A

30-34

63
Q

Where does fermentation occur?

A

cytoplasm

64
Q

What does fermentation do?

A

oxidizes NADH to NAD+

65
Q

When does fermentation occur?

A

after glycolysis

Biology 12 (3 decks)

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