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Biology 12 > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the process of transcription

A

info from dna sequence is transcribed to rna

components: initiation, elongation, and termination

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2
Q

what is initiation in prokaryotes

A

sigma factor binds to promoter, transcription factors bind for initiation.

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3
Q

what is initiation in eukaryotes

A

transcription factors recognize promoter, RNA polymerase II binds, form transcription initiation complex

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4
Q

what is translation

A

ribosomes read info from mrna to make amino acid chain (polypeptide)

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5
Q

what bonds are between polypeptides

A

peptide bonds

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6
Q

describe mRNA structure and role

A

nucleotide sequence that translates to amino acid sequence by the use of ribosome

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7
Q

what does rRNA do

A

make up ribosomes

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8
Q

what does tRNA do

A

carries amino acid and base pairs with mRNA

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9
Q

describe the P site of ribosome

A

first subunit of tRNA binds

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10
Q

describe A site of ribosome

A

2nd codon of tRNA enters ribsomes A site

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11
Q

describe E site of ribosome

A

tRNA exits

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12
Q

What happens in elongation of transcription

A

RNA polymerase moves along template and is synthesised 5’-3’

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13
Q

what happens in termination in transcription in prokaryotes

A

mRNA strand released and read by ribosome

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14
Q

what happens in termination in transcription in eukaryotes

A

pre-mRNA spliced into mature mRNA

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15
Q

what happens in splicing?

A

introns are removed, only exons

this is also called RNA processing

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16
Q

what does the 5’ cap do in termination

A

facilitates translation initian and prevent degradation of mRNA

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17
Q

what does the poly A tail do in termination in transcription

A

stabilizes mRNA export and prevents degradation

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18
Q

name the start codon

A

AUG

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19
Q

name the 3 stop codons

A

UAA UAG UGA

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20
Q

describe translation

A

initiation, elongation, termination

non-ambiguous

degenerate(

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21
Q

describe degeneracy in translation

A

each sequence only codes for 1 type of amino acid

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22
Q

what happens during initiation of translation

A

ribosomes attach to mRNA by tRNA

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23
Q

what happens during elongation of translation

A

Remaining goes to A site

24
Q

what happens in termination of tranlation

A

stop codon goes to A site, complex removes in E site, amino acid chain is free

25
Q

how many promoters do eukaryotes have

A

multiple

26
Q

how many promoters do prokaryotes have

A

1

27
Q

how many gene regulators do eukaryotes have

A

1

28
Q

how many gene regulators do prokaryotes have

A

multipel

29
Q

what transcription factor positively regulates transcription

A

lac operon

30
Q

which transcription factor negatively regulates transcription

A

trp

31
Q

how many structural genes are in the lac operon

A

3

32
Q

name the structural genes in the lac operon

A

lac Z, lac Y, and lac A

33
Q

what does lac Z do

A

code for betagalactosidase, hydrolyzes lactose in galactose and glucose

34
Q

what does lac Y do

A

codes for beta galactosides, moves lactose in to cell

35
Q

what does lac A do

A

transforms actyl group into beta galactoside

36
Q

what does lac I do

A

code for repgressor gene

37
Q

is the lac operon usually off or on

A

off

38
Q

is the lac operon catabolic or anabolic

A

catabolic

39
Q

is the lac operon inducible or repressible, why?

A

indicuible because it’s usually turned off

40
Q

what does the lac operon do

A

break down lactose

41
Q

what does the trp operon do

A

make tryptophan

42
Q

is the trp operon usually off or on

A

on

43
Q

is the trp operon catabolic or anabolic

A

anabolic

44
Q

what is epigenetic control

A

regulates access to eukaryotic genes

44
Q

is the trp operon repressible or inducible, why?

A

repressible bc its usually on

45
Q

what do acetyl groups do for histones?

A

bind to the tail, allow DNA to be transcibable

46
Q

what is euchromatin

A

transcribable histone proteins, loose

47
Q

what is heterochromatin

A

intranscribable DNA, condensed, dark

48
Q

what is alternative splicing

A

different exon combos

49
Q

what is mRNA degraded by

A

microRNA

50
Q

how are proteins degraded

A

proteosomes

51
Q

what does molecular cloning produce

A

recombinant DNA

52
Q

how does molecular cloning work

A

DNA insterted into plasma vector into a bacteria

53
Q

what is in a plasma vector

A

-orgin of replication
-selectable marker
-restriction site for cloning

54
Q

what are expression vectors used for

A

used to increases transgenes protein product

55
Q

how does gene therapy work

A

vector used to deliver a gene to treat, prevent, or cure a disease

Biology 12 (5 decks)

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