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final!! Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

which atom is more electronegative in H2O?

A

oxygen

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2
Q

polar

A

unequal sharing of electrons

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3
Q

covalent

A

strongest bond - pair of electrons shared between two atoms

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4
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weakest bond, partial charges

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5
Q

nonpolar

A

electrons evenly distributed

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6
Q

amount of electron slots in first 3 orbitals

A

2, 6, 10

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7
Q

saturated fats

A

solid at room temp, holding all H’s

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8
Q

unsaturated fats

A

liquid at room temp

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9
Q

what carbohydrate is found in the cell wall of plants?

A

cellulose

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10
Q

what carbohydrate is used to store energy in the liver?

A

glycogen

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11
Q

which feature is unique to bacterial cells compared to eukaryotic cells?

A

nucleoid region

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12
Q

what cellular structure synthesizes proteins based on the information in an mRNA molecule

A

ribosome

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13
Q

first step of sequencing DNA into a protein

A

mRNA is copied from a gene

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14
Q

carrier proteins

A

facilitate passage of molecules through the membrane

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15
Q

enzymatic proteins

A

catalyze a specific reaction

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16
Q

cell recognition proteins

A

recognize pathogens

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17
Q

active transport

A

requires input of ATP, movement of a substance against its concentration

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18
Q

channel protein assisting the passage of water across the cell membrane

A

aquaporin

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19
Q

in a phospholipid bilayer, the phosphate heads are oriented…

A

toward the exterior of the cell / toward the cytoplasm

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20
Q

process where cholesterol is transported into cell by binding of LDL to its receptor and the internalization of the receptor-LDL complex

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

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21
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change from one energy form to another

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22
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

some useful energy is lost as heat whenever an energy transfer occurs

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23
Q

endergonic reactions

A

need input of energy + store it

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24
Q

ATP subunits

A

ADP and phosphate

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25
Q

photosynthesis end products

A

oxygen and carbohydrate

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26
Q

photorespiration occurs mainly in

A

C3 plants

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27
Q

stroma

A

the fluid-filled space of the chloroplast

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28
Q

calvin cycle carbon dioxide fixation is facilitated by which enzyme?

A

RuBP carboxylase

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29
Q

function of sunlight in photosynthesis

A

excite electrons in chlorophyll

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30
Q

ultimate destination for energized electrons during the light reactions of photosynthesis

A

taken up by NADP+ to produce NADPH

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31
Q

glycolysis location

A

cytosol

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32
Q

prep reaction location

A

entering mitochrondrion

33
Q

citric acid cycle location

A

inside mitochondrion (matrix)

34
Q

oxidative phosphorylation location

A

inside mitochondrion (inner membrane)

35
Q

preparatory reaction converts

A

pyruvates into acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide

36
Q

process producing both NADH and FADH2

A

the citric acid cycle

37
Q

process reduces molecular oxygen to water

A

electron transport system

38
Q

electron transport chain + chemiosmosis produce _____ ATP per NADH and _____ ATP per FADH2

A

3; 2

39
Q

one turn of the citric acid cycle produces

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP

40
Q

catalyzes ADP + P –> ATP as H+ flow down a gradient from the intermembrane space into the matrix

A

ATP synthase

41
Q

codes for the proteins that will promote the normal cell cycle and prevent apoptosis

A

proto-oncogenes

42
Q

cell cycle stages sequence

A

G1, S, G2, M

43
Q

chromatids are separated and move to opposite poles

A

anaphase

44
Q

which stage of meiosis does crossing-over occur?

A

prophase I of meiosis I

45
Q

a structure that holds together homologues during crossing-over

A

chiasma

46
Q

which stage of meiosis do the homologous chromosomes separate?

A

anaphase I

47
Q

strains injected when mouse died

A

live R and dead S

48
Q

unwinds DNA and separates parental strands

A

DNA helicase

49
Q

attach to newly separated DNA and prevent it from re-forming the helix so replication can occur

A

single-stranded binding proteins

50
Q

places short pieces of RNA on the DNA strands to be replicated

A

DNA primase

51
Q

synthesizes and proofreads DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase

52
Q

binds Okazaki fragments together

A

DNA ligase

53
Q

transcription begins when

A

RNA polymerase binds to a region of DNA called the promoter

54
Q

cohesion

A

water’s “self-stickiness”

55
Q

Facilitated diffusion requires

A

carrier proteins

56
Q

Facilitated diffusion is used to transport

A

sugars and amino acids

57
Q

source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump

A

breakdown of ATP

58
Q

exocytosis

A

cells release substances from the cell via vesicles

59
Q

Hydrogen ions are released during respiration when

A

glucose is oxidized

60
Q

Where does the potential energy gradient at the mitochondrial membrane come from?

A

An excess of hydrogen ions outside the membrane

61
Q

a collection of pigments that trap solar energy and focus it on reaction centers, releasing high-energy electrons

A

photosystem

62
Q

photosystem I vs photosystem II

A

Photosystem I uses high-energy electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH, photosystem II uses them to convert ADP into ATP

63
Q

The last stage of the Calvin cycle acts to recycle _____, sending it back to aid in _____ again

A

RuBP; carbon fixation

64
Q

glycolysis net gain

A

2 ATP

65
Q

G1 phase

A

doubles organelles and prepares for replication

66
Q

G2 phase

A

cell synthesizes proteins

67
Q

The nuclear envelope dismantles and the mitotic spindle begins to form during

A

prophase

68
Q

nuclear envelope begins to reappear and the mitotic spindle is disassembled as chromosomes decondense

A

telophase

69
Q

Growth factor receptors are typically found where in the cell?

A

cell membrane

70
Q

meiosis II in humans

A

1n –> 1n

71
Q

1 = Separation of homologous chromosomes
2 = Crossing-over
3 = Independent assortment

A

2, 3, 1

72
Q

Random orientation of homologous chromosomes occurs in ________ of meiosis

A

metaphase I

73
Q

side-by-side alignment of homologous chromosomes

A

synapsis

74
Q

The spindle apparatus is fully formed by the end of

A

prometaphase II

75
Q

correct structure of DNA components

A

phosphate-sugar-base

76
Q

enzyme that accomplishes transcription

A

RNA polymerase

77
Q

translation is the synthesis of

A

proteins from mRNA

78
Q

DNA is only synthesized in the ____ direction

A

5’ to 3’

79
Q

During the process of translation, mRNA is carried to the ribosome, where it is translated into polypeptides by _____ molecules

A

tRNA

bio 106 (5 decks)

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