final!! Flashcards
which atom is more electronegative in H2O?
oxygen
polar
unequal sharing of electrons
covalent
strongest bond - pair of electrons shared between two atoms
hydrogen bond
weakest bond, partial charges
nonpolar
electrons evenly distributed
amount of electron slots in first 3 orbitals
2, 6, 10
saturated fats
solid at room temp, holding all H’s
unsaturated fats
liquid at room temp
what carbohydrate is found in the cell wall of plants?
cellulose
what carbohydrate is used to store energy in the liver?
glycogen
which feature is unique to bacterial cells compared to eukaryotic cells?
nucleoid region
what cellular structure synthesizes proteins based on the information in an mRNA molecule
ribosome
first step of sequencing DNA into a protein
mRNA is copied from a gene
carrier proteins
facilitate passage of molecules through the membrane
enzymatic proteins
catalyze a specific reaction
cell recognition proteins
recognize pathogens
active transport
requires input of ATP, movement of a substance against its concentration
channel protein assisting the passage of water across the cell membrane
aquaporin
in a phospholipid bilayer, the phosphate heads are oriented…
toward the exterior of the cell / toward the cytoplasm
process where cholesterol is transported into cell by binding of LDL to its receptor and the internalization of the receptor-LDL complex
receptor-mediated endocytosis
first law of thermodynamics
energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change from one energy form to another
second law of thermodynamics
some useful energy is lost as heat whenever an energy transfer occurs
endergonic reactions
need input of energy + store it
ATP subunits
ADP and phosphate
photosynthesis end products
oxygen and carbohydrate
photorespiration occurs mainly in
C3 plants
stroma
the fluid-filled space of the chloroplast
calvin cycle carbon dioxide fixation is facilitated by which enzyme?
RuBP carboxylase
function of sunlight in photosynthesis
excite electrons in chlorophyll
ultimate destination for energized electrons during the light reactions of photosynthesis
taken up by NADP+ to produce NADPH
glycolysis location
cytosol
prep reaction location
entering mitochrondrion
citric acid cycle location
inside mitochondrion (matrix)
oxidative phosphorylation location
inside mitochondrion (inner membrane)
preparatory reaction converts
pyruvates into acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide
process producing both NADH and FADH2
the citric acid cycle
process reduces molecular oxygen to water
electron transport system
electron transport chain + chemiosmosis produce _____ ATP per NADH and _____ ATP per FADH2
3; 2
one turn of the citric acid cycle produces
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP
catalyzes ADP + P –> ATP as H+ flow down a gradient from the intermembrane space into the matrix
ATP synthase
codes for the proteins that will promote the normal cell cycle and prevent apoptosis
proto-oncogenes
cell cycle stages sequence
G1, S, G2, M
chromatids are separated and move to opposite poles
anaphase
which stage of meiosis does crossing-over occur?
prophase I of meiosis I
a structure that holds together homologues during crossing-over
chiasma
which stage of meiosis do the homologous chromosomes separate?
anaphase I
strains injected when mouse died
live R and dead S
unwinds DNA and separates parental strands
DNA helicase
attach to newly separated DNA and prevent it from re-forming the helix so replication can occur
single-stranded binding proteins
places short pieces of RNA on the DNA strands to be replicated
DNA primase
synthesizes and proofreads DNA strand
DNA polymerase
binds Okazaki fragments together
DNA ligase
transcription begins when
RNA polymerase binds to a region of DNA called the promoter
cohesion
water’s “self-stickiness”
Facilitated diffusion requires
carrier proteins
Facilitated diffusion is used to transport
sugars and amino acids
source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump
breakdown of ATP
exocytosis
cells release substances from the cell via vesicles
Hydrogen ions are released during respiration when
glucose is oxidized
Where does the potential energy gradient at the mitochondrial membrane come from?
An excess of hydrogen ions outside the membrane
a collection of pigments that trap solar energy and focus it on reaction centers, releasing high-energy electrons
photosystem
photosystem I vs photosystem II
Photosystem I uses high-energy electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH, photosystem II uses them to convert ADP into ATP
The last stage of the Calvin cycle acts to recycle _____, sending it back to aid in _____ again
RuBP; carbon fixation
glycolysis net gain
2 ATP
G1 phase
doubles organelles and prepares for replication
G2 phase
cell synthesizes proteins
The nuclear envelope dismantles and the mitotic spindle begins to form during
prophase
nuclear envelope begins to reappear and the mitotic spindle is disassembled as chromosomes decondense
telophase
Growth factor receptors are typically found where in the cell?
cell membrane
meiosis II in humans
1n –> 1n
1 = Separation of homologous chromosomes
2 = Crossing-over
3 = Independent assortment
2, 3, 1
Random orientation of homologous chromosomes occurs in ________ of meiosis
metaphase I
side-by-side alignment of homologous chromosomes
synapsis
The spindle apparatus is fully formed by the end of
prometaphase II
correct structure of DNA components
phosphate-sugar-base
enzyme that accomplishes transcription
RNA polymerase
translation is the synthesis of
proteins from mRNA
DNA is only synthesized in the ____ direction
5’ to 3’
During the process of translation, mRNA is carried to the ribosome, where it is translated into polypeptides by _____ molecules
tRNA
