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bio 106 > exam III > Flashcards

exam III Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

glycolysis

A

“sugar splitting”, 6 ATP

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2
Q

glycolysis location

A

cytosol

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3
Q

preparatory reaction

A

converts glycolysis products into C2 acetyl group and CO2 given off, occurs twice per glucose molecule, 6 ATP

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4
Q

preparatory reaction location

A

entering mitochrondrion

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5
Q

citric acid cycle

A

substrate-level ATP synthesis, produces both NADH and FADH2, 4 ATP

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6
Q

citric acid cycle location

A

inside mitochondrion (matrix)

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7
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

exchanges high energy electrons carried by NADH+FADH2 for ATP

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8
Q

2 chunks of oxidative phosphorylation

A

electron transport chain + chemiosmosis

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9
Q

oxidative phosphorylation location

A

inside mitochondrion (inner membrane)

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10
Q

ATPs per NADH and FADH2

A

3 per NADH, 2 per FADH2

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11
Q

cellular respiration makes ___ ATP

A

~38

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12
Q

4 cellular respiration steps

A

glycolysis, prep reaction, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

aerobic respiration step

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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14
Q

two steps of cellular respiration that make CO2

A

citric acid cycle + oxidative phosphorylation

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15
Q

not enough oxygen? need…

A

fermentation

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16
Q

if O2 is in plenty, 1 glucose =

A

38 ATP

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17
Q

where is energy in glucose?

A

in electrons of its hydrogen ions

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18
Q

fermentation allows

A

to keep creating NAD+ and continue glycolysis in absence of oxygen

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19
Q

types of fermentation

A

lactic acid fermentation + ethanol fermentation

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20
Q

cell cycle

A

repeating of cell division

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21
Q

cell theory

A

all cells from cells

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22
Q

apoptosis

A

“programmed cell death”

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23
Q

prophase

A

centrosomes separate, chromatin condenses, spindles elongate inside nucleus

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24
Q

prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope mostly gone, centrosomes at poles pushed by fibers

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25
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes at center, pulled by kinetochores, attached to spindle

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26
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate, the centromere splits

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27
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reappears

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28
Q

interphase phases

A

G0, S, G2

29
Q

centrosome

A

brain of cytoskeleton

30
Q

histones

A

made of protein, help organize DNA

31
Q

nucleosome made up of

A

DNA + 8 histones

32
Q

states of DNA packing

A

euchromatin (loose, uncondensed, unorganized, active) + heterochromatin (condensed + inactive)

33
Q

fibroplast

A

skin stem cell

34
Q

cancer critical genes

A

encode proteins that help to control the rate of cell division (ex: ras)

35
Q

proto-oncogenes (normal genes)

A

normally speed up cell cycle, encode “gas pedal” machinery, if mutated, could become an oncogene [causes cancer]

36
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

“brakes” of cell cycle ~ normally, If mutated, fail to stop/slow cell cycle when it needs to

37
Q

ras

A

protein, proto-oncogene : if mutated, “stuck gas pedal”

38
Q

p53

A

tumor suppressor gene : if low O2, force cell into apoptosis

39
Q

angiogenesis

A

growth of new blood vessels (key step in growth of tumor) – triggered by VEGF

40
Q

binary fission

A

“ prokaryotic cell cycle “

41
Q

meiosis purpose

A

make eggs and sperm (gametes), reduces ploidy, daughter cells not identical

42
Q

meiosis ploidy reduction

A

diploid –> haploid

43
Q

fertilizatoin __ ploidy

A

doubles

44
Q

meiosis ___ ploidy

A

halves

45
Q

ploidy

A

number of potential versions

46
Q

diploid

A

two versions of each chromosome (“tell the same story”)

47
Q

homologous pair

A

two chromosomes containing different versions of the same genes (alleles)

48
Q

independent assortment

A

random orientation of each tetrad (meiosis I)

49
Q

2^? = x possible outcomes

A

2^number of chromosomes

50
Q

crossing over can only happen with…

A

members of homologous pair

51
Q

G1 / G2

A

cell is growing

52
Q

G2

A

DNA + centrosomes duplicated

53
Q

S

A

synthesis of DNA , copying its DNA

54
Q

dehydrogenase enzyme

A

pulls H out of glucose

55
Q

NAD+

A

coenzyme partner of dehydrogenase, accepts electrons of 2 Hs

56
Q

NADH

A

acts as “truck” carrying 2 electrons to energy-harvesting destinations

57
Q

electron transport chain

A

spends NADH + FADH2 “fuel” to create a proton gradient, reduces molecular oxygen to water

58
Q

chemiosmosis

A

active transport of proteins against gradient, shot back into matrix by ATP synthase

59
Q

fermentation yields __ ATP per glucose

A

2

60
Q

fermenation is _ + _

A

glycolysis + a NADH recycling

61
Q

M checkpoint

A

chromosomes on spindle?

62
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

DNA ok?

63
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

DNA replicated?

64
Q

the eukaryotic chromosome

A

location of cell’s genetic information

65
Q

chromatin

A

DNA + scaffolding proteins

66
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm into two, copies of chromosomes as far apart as possible

67
Q

crossing over occurs in…

A

prophase I of meiosis I

68
Q

chiasma

A

structure that holds together homologues during crossing-over

bio 106 (5 decks)

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