exam IIII Flashcards
blending hypothesis
inherited factors that control traits are irreversibly combined (blended) during reproduction
gregor mendel
pea plants, “particulate theory of inheritance”
character
heritable features [flower color]
trait
a variant of a character [purple flower]
mendel hypothesis 1
for each color, variation is produced by alternative versions called alleles
mendel hypothesis 2
each individual has 2 “slots” (homologous pairs) in which to hold alleles [diploidy]
mendel hypothesis 3
in a heterozygote, the allele that determines the phenotype is called dominant; the allele not seen is recessive
mendel hypothesis 4 (law of segregation)
during meiosis, the 2 alleles possessed by the parent are separated so that each gamete has only 1 allele of each character [haploidy]
test cross
cross an individual of an unknown genotype against homozygous recessive (a known genotype)
monohybrid cross
follows inheritance of one gene
dihybrid cross
follows inheritance of two genes
morgan determined…
genes carried on chromosomes + linkage mapping
linkage mapping
measures physical distance between two genes on a chromosome, genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together
virulent
able to cause disease
avery et. al. (40s)
killed S cells, fractionated them
transcription
DNA -> RNA | converting from one form of same language to another form of same language
translation
RNA -> protein | “converting languages”
transcription enzyme
RNA polymerase
translation enzyme
ribosome
DNA replication enzyme
DNA polymerase
purines
A, G – 2 rings
pyrimidines
C, T, U
ribozyme
enzyme made of RNA
helicase
double strand DNA -> single strand DNA | unwinds DNA and separates parental strands
DNA is written…
5’ -> 3’
polymerase reads…
3’ -> 5’
lagging
strand made in the direction opposite to fork motion, discontinuous
3’ end of DNA
hydroxl group
transcription factors
proteins that activate promoter
promoter + terminator
start+end site for transcription
initiation
RNAP binds promoter, opens bubble
elongation
RNAP makes RNA longer
termination
RNA stops transcribing at terminator
intron
interrupting sequences
splicing
removes introns (from RNA)
cap
ticket out, translation start protects 5’ end
tail
help translation protect 3’ end
translation steps
splicing, cap, tail
transcription steps
initiation, elongation, termination
protein
string of amino acids (20)
codon
3-letter word in mRNA, pairs w anticodon
translation initiation
ribosome binds mRNA + first tRNA
translation elongation
make polypeptide longer
translation elongation pieces
1) tRNA loading 2) connect amino acids 3) translocate
transformation of bacteria was shown to occur when
live R strand and dead S were injected and the mice died
single-stranded binding proteins
attach to newly separated DNA and prevent it from re-forming the helix so replication can occur
DNA primase
places short pieces of RNA on the DNA strands to be replicated
DNA polymerase
synthesizes and proofreads DNA strand
DNA ligase
binds Okazaki fragments together
transcription begins when
RNA polymerase binds to promoter region
section of the pre-mRNA containing protein-coding regions
exons
