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bio 106 > exam IIII > Flashcards

exam IIII Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

blending hypothesis

A

inherited factors that control traits are irreversibly combined (blended) during reproduction

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2
Q

gregor mendel

A

pea plants, “particulate theory of inheritance”

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3
Q

character

A

heritable features [flower color]

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4
Q

trait

A

a variant of a character [purple flower]

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5
Q

mendel hypothesis 1

A

for each color, variation is produced by alternative versions called alleles

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6
Q

mendel hypothesis 2

A

each individual has 2 “slots” (homologous pairs) in which to hold alleles [diploidy]

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7
Q

mendel hypothesis 3

A

in a heterozygote, the allele that determines the phenotype is called dominant; the allele not seen is recessive

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8
Q

mendel hypothesis 4 (law of segregation)

A

during meiosis, the 2 alleles possessed by the parent are separated so that each gamete has only 1 allele of each character [haploidy]

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9
Q

test cross

A

cross an individual of an unknown genotype against homozygous recessive (a known genotype)

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10
Q

monohybrid cross

A

follows inheritance of one gene

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11
Q

dihybrid cross

A

follows inheritance of two genes

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12
Q

morgan determined…

A

genes carried on chromosomes + linkage mapping

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13
Q

linkage mapping

A

measures physical distance between two genes on a chromosome, genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together

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14
Q

virulent

A

able to cause disease

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15
Q

avery et. al. (40s)

A

killed S cells, fractionated them

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16
Q

transcription

A

DNA -> RNA | converting from one form of same language to another form of same language

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17
Q

translation

A

RNA -> protein | “converting languages”

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18
Q

transcription enzyme

A

RNA polymerase

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19
Q

translation enzyme

A

ribosome

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20
Q

DNA replication enzyme

A

DNA polymerase

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21
Q

purines

A

A, G – 2 rings

22
Q

pyrimidines

A

C, T, U

23
Q

ribozyme

A

enzyme made of RNA

24
Q

helicase

A

double strand DNA -> single strand DNA | unwinds DNA and separates parental strands

25
Q

DNA is written…

A

5’ -> 3’

26
Q

polymerase reads…

A

3’ -> 5’

27
Q

lagging

A

strand made in the direction opposite to fork motion, discontinuous

28
Q

3’ end of DNA

A

hydroxl group

29
Q

transcription factors

A

proteins that activate promoter

30
Q

promoter + terminator

A

start+end site for transcription

31
Q

initiation

A

RNAP binds promoter, opens bubble

32
Q

elongation

A

RNAP makes RNA longer

33
Q

termination

A

RNA stops transcribing at terminator

34
Q

intron

A

interrupting sequences

35
Q

splicing

A

removes introns (from RNA)

36
Q

cap

A

ticket out, translation start protects 5’ end

37
Q

tail

A

help translation protect 3’ end

38
Q

translation steps

A

splicing, cap, tail

39
Q

transcription steps

A

initiation, elongation, termination

40
Q

protein

A

string of amino acids (20)

41
Q

codon

A

3-letter word in mRNA, pairs w anticodon

42
Q

translation initiation

A

ribosome binds mRNA + first tRNA

43
Q

translation elongation

A

make polypeptide longer

44
Q

translation elongation pieces

A

1) tRNA loading 2) connect amino acids 3) translocate

45
Q

transformation of bacteria was shown to occur when

A

live R strand and dead S were injected and the mice died

46
Q

single-stranded binding proteins

A

attach to newly separated DNA and prevent it from re-forming the helix so replication can occur

47
Q

DNA primase

A

places short pieces of RNA on the DNA strands to be replicated

48
Q

DNA polymerase

A

synthesizes and proofreads DNA strand

49
Q

DNA ligase

A

binds Okazaki fragments together

50
Q

transcription begins when

A

RNA polymerase binds to promoter region

51
Q

section of the pre-mRNA containing protein-coding regions

A

exons

bio 106 (5 decks)

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