exam I Flashcards
6 most abundant elements in life
CHONPS
atom
units of elements
avogadro’s number
6.022 x 10^23 (mol of something)
which subatomic particle’s mass is ~0 amu?
electron
radioisotope
unstable, will break down
molecule
group of atoms that are sharing electrons
covalent bond
attraction between 2 atoms that are sharing electrons
noble gases
satisfy octet rule w/o forming bonds
+ ( more electrons) =
cation
least to most strong bonds
hydrogen, ionic, covalent
covalent nonpolar bond
equal sharing of electrons
covalent polar bond
unequal sharing of electrons
oxygen is…
electronegative, electron greedy, polar
cohesion
water’s “self-stickiness”, hydrogen bonds holding molecule together
adhesion
water’s “stickiness” to other stuff
evaporative cooling
hydrogen bonds break, energy removed, remaining water becomes cooler
can water ionize?
yes!
hydrocarbons
lipids (fats), nonpolar, hydrophobic
hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl are…
polar: hydrophilic
carboxyl is…
acidic and ionic
amino group is…
basic, ionic, proton acceptor
increasing free protons…
decreases pH
sulfhydrl is…
polar S-H, hydrophilic
phosphate is…
important in nucleic acids, “glue” in DNA strands, polar, ionic (usually)
methyl is…
nonpolar (hydrocarbon)
polymerization (carbohydrates)
monosaccharide –> polysaccharide
saturated fats
solid at room temp, from animals, full of hydrogen, straight
unsaturated fats
liquid at room temp, from plants, not holding all H it can, bent
phospholipids…
make cell membranes, ampipathic (both hydrophobic/philic)
steroids are…
cyclic lipids
polypeptides/proteins
polymers of amino acids, amino acid – carboxyl + amino group, connected by peptide bonds
1st degree protein structure
primary - sequence of amino acids
2nd degree protein structure
secondary - local shape
3rd degree protein structure
tertiary - overall shape
4th degree protein structure
quaternary - interaction between separate proteins
nucleic acids are…
polymerized nucleotides
usual strands of DNA vs RNA
DNA - double, RNA - single
prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, eukaryotes are larger and have DNA in linear form stored in nucleus
things increasing [ H+ ]
acids (proton donors)
how many known elements?
92
the farther away from the nucleus an electron is, the ___ energy it has
more
inert (full valence shells)
rarely participate in chemical reactions
more electron than proton =
partial negative charge
hydroxyl
R - O - H (adds water solubility)
carbonyl
R - C (^=O) - R (adds solubility in water)
carboxyl
R - C (^=O) - OH (adds free proton)
amino
R - N (^H) - H (accepts a proton)
phosphate
R - O - (v-OH) P (^=O) - OH
methyl
R - (v-H) C (^-H) - H (adds hydrophobicity, opposite of solubility)
sulfhydryl
R - S - H
lipids are…
hydrophobic, mostly hydrocarbons
fats =
fatty acid + glycerol (+H2O, dehydration reaction)
glycerol
(v-O) C (^-H) - H
enzymes
manage chemical reactions
proteins include
enzymes, transport, structure, motion, polymers of amino acids
having O vs not (in phospholipids?)
has O - polar, hydrophilic ; no O - nonpolar, hydrophobic
