final Flashcards
what are two of the four sociocultural views on substance use disorders?
family environment
social environment
cultural views
stressful socioeconomic conditions!
what are the two parts of physiological dependence on a substance?
tolerance and withdrawl
alcoholics anonymous is an example of a type of treatment that focuses on absolutely no alcohol or substances. this is an example of the ___ approach of treatment
abstinence only
the idea that individuals with substance use disorders have a reward center that is not activated by typical life events is called
reward deficiency syndrome
substances that speed up the process of the central nervous system are called
stimulants
andrew drinks heavily on weekends and some weekdays and often misses class due to a hangover. he think it would be smart to change his behavior and vaguely wants to do so but has no plans or intent to take action. andrew is in the ____ stage of change
contemplation
true of false: men metabolize alcohol faster than women
true
the cognitive behavioral theory of substance use disorders where individuals are reinforced for substance use and have the expectation that substance use will be pleasant is called
self medication hypothesis
fred has never displayed any past psychotic symptoms but recently his family has noticed he is saying strange things and expressing atypical beliefs. He’s functioning well and does not seem to be having full-blown symptoms. This is likely ____ phase of schizophrenia
prodromal
false beliefs are typically referred to as ____ and false perceptions/perceptual distortions are typically referred to as ___
delusions and hallucinations
the idea that there is a genetic/biological predisposition for schizophrenia that is then activated by particular environmental circumstances is called
diathesis-stress explantation
the major neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is
dopamine
which theory is better supported as to why people with schizophrenia are more likely to live in poverty?
the downward drift theory or stress of poverty theory
stress of poverty theory
list two of the five things associated with better recovery from schizophrenia
- later onset
- abrupt onset
- onset from stress
- early and on going treatment
- better premorbid functions
- higher income
- better social support
symptoms of schizophrenia that represent the addition of something atypical to behavior are called
positive symptoms
true of false Developing countries, overall, have
better recovery from schizophrenia than
developed countries
true
__ theory suggests that borderline
personality disorder is caused by a
combination of internal (e.g., genetics,
physiological reactions) and external factors
(e.g., environment not meeting needs).
biosocial
Those with antisocial personality disorder are
typically ____ in arousal in response to
typical daily things than those without it.
(Lower or higher?)
lower
What are the 3 P’s that determine the
difference between typical personality and
personality disorders?
persistent, pervasive, and pathological
Tiana, who has borderline personality
disorder, typically takes a long time to “get over” difficult emotions like anger and sadness. This aspect of her emotional reaction is called
low return to baseline
which of these disorders has been associated with childhood abuse and or neglect
1. paranoid
2. borderline
3. antisocial
all of the above
true of false:People with Cluster A (odd or eccentric) types of personality disorders are especially likely to seek treatment.
false
Kara has borderline personality disorder, and
recently her therapist has been helping her to
learn how to express her needs and emotions
to others. This represents which skill in
dialectical behavior therapy
interpersonal skills
Faith is extremely flirtatious, has trouble not
being the center of attention, and is prone to
bouts of huge expressions of emotionality
that also seems shallow and shifting. This is
characteristic of ______ personality
disorder.
histrionic
true of false: People with narcissistic
personality disorder may have been abused
or neglected as children.
true
true or false: People with narcissistic
personality disorder may have been over-
praised as children.
true
Excessive caffeine use should always be
assessed when a client has certain symptoms
because too much caffeine can mimic the
appearance of what other type of mental
health disorder?
anxiety disorders
Per the cognitive behavioral therapy
approach to substance use disorders, being
around certain friends every time one drinks
would be considered a(n) _______ and
having fun after drinking and hangovers
would be considered ____
antecendent
consequence
Charisse is extremely rigid in her daily routine, never “loses control” emotionally,
and is obsessed with order. She may meet
criteria for which personality disorder?
obsessive compulsive disorder
andrea has schizophrenia, and she frequently
rhymes words that make no sense together
when she is speaking. What type of
disorganized speech is this?
clang
what is the name of the best supported therapy for borderline personality disorder
dialectical behavior therapy
Someone who has magical thoughts, bizarre
ways of thinking, and interpersonal
challenges due to these things, but who is
still generally functioning day-to-day, may be
experiencing personality
disorder.
schizotypal
the best biological explanation for schizophrenia dominated by negative symptoms is
brain structure abnormalities
list 2 of the 4 common trauma situations that commonly trigger ptsd
victimization
accidents/ disasters
combat
terrorism and torture
which of these is a risk for developing PTSD
1. high preexisting anxiety
2. a generally positive worldview
3. higher social support
high preexisting anxiety
The treatment in which people continue to tell
their traumatic story again and again in order
to desensitize themselves to it is called
behavioral exposure
or prolonged exposure
Nightmares about a trauma represent which
type of symptom of PTSD? (In other words,
looking at the DSM-5 criteria, which category
of symptoms does this fall under?)
reexperiencing the trauma
true or false: only people with PTSD can benefit from trauma-informed treatment
false
Jess is able to “bounce back” very quickly
from stressful situations. This trait, which is
protective against PTSD, is called
resilience
List two things that make a trauma
experience more complex.
multiple events
beginning in childhood
interpersonal nature of trauma
stigmatizing
psychological vulnerability
occurring over a long period of time
what is the major difference between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder
length of time of symptoms
the idea that someone who experiences a somtic disorder is expressing their emotions through physical means is part of the ____ view of somatic disorders
cognitive
the idea that such behavior is a
perfectly acceptable and normative way of
expressing emotions is part of the ______view of somatic disorders.
mutlicultural
Antonio experiences intense anxiety over
even the smallest cough or runny nose, and
feels he should go to the doctor each time in
order to rule out something serious. If this is
an ongoing, distressing pattern, Antonio
might be experiencing
illness anxiety disorder
true or false Factitious disorder must involve
deliberately inflicting symptoms on oneself
(for example, through taking blood thinners
to create unstoppable bleeding)
false
Somatic disorders typically have to be
distinguished from ________, which refers
to faking or exaggerating symptoms for
external gain like money
malingering
true or false: physical symptom in response to stress are more normative in some cultures than others
true
true or false people with somatic disorders typically seek psychological treatments
false
______ disorder typically involves neurological symptoms such as blindness or paralysis with no physiological basis
conversion disorder
_______ typically involves other types of vague physical symptoms or pain with no physiological basis
somatic symptom disorder
From the psychodynamic perspective, the
idea that physical symptoms keep what we’re
really anxious about out of our consciousness, thus serving a purpose is called .
primary gain
Having a variety of personalities that express
themselves at different times, accompanied
with periods of memory loss, is called
dissociative identity disorder
true or false those who have depersonalization -derealization disorder typically show some difficulties with cognitive and attentional functioning
true
two personalities that are unaware of each other’s presence would be considered
mutually amnesic
The idea that some individuals have very
rigid memory systems and can only recall
things when in an extremely similar state is
called _____
This is proposed as a cause of memory-
related dissociative disorders
state-dependent learning
list the 3 steps of treatment for dissociative identity disorder
- recognizing the disorder
- recovering memories
- integrating the subpersonalities
Jackie feels as though she is floating outside of her body and not in control of her actions. she is likely experiencing
depersonalization
which has been proposed as a cause of memory-related dissociative disorders that we discussed in class
mass episodes of repression
losing periods of autobiographical memory with no physical causes with
dissociative amnesia
list the three physiological causes of eating disorders
pschodynamic cause
cognitive cause
depression
anorexia nervosa
The idea that causes for eating disorders
come from a variety of sources and that the
more risk factors one has, the more likely one
is to develop an eating disorder, is called the
multidimensional risk perspective.
The disorder that is characterized by eating
excessive amounts in one sitting in a
recurrent manner is called
binge eating disorder
Behaviors such as vomiting, laxative use, and
excessive exercise after binge eating in
bulimia nervosa are called
compensatory
behaviors
What is the first goal of eating disorder
treatment, regardless of the eating disorder?
Regain physical health
What brain structure is responsible for
maintaining the “weight thermostat?”
hypothalamus
Eating disorders are ___________ in men and in
non-Western cultures.
A. Rising
B. Falling
C. Non-existent
rising
what is the typical primary treatment for bipolar disorder
mood stablizers
Egbert has a job interview, and he doesn’t
get the job. He thinks, “Man, I really
messed that interview up. I can’t do
anything right. I’m never going to get a
job!” Are his attributions
internal or external
specific or global
unstable or stable
internal
global
stable
The idea that men and women may not
experience depression at different rates but
may report it at different rates is called the
______ of gender differences in
depression.
artifact theory
Someone who is experiencing depression
may have a __________ appetite than they
typically do.
A. Higher
B. Lower
C. Higher or lower
higher or lower
Joey has experienced long-term, ongoing
depressive symptoms for about three years.
Usually he experiences no more than three
to four symptoms at a time, and they tend
to be at a mild level. What might be a good
diagnosis to look into for Joey?
persistent depressive disorder
alice breaks up with her partner and she to herself, “I really messed that
relationship up!” Which part of Aaron
Beck’s cognitive triad is she having
negative thoughts about?
self
In order to be diagnosed with Bipolar I
disorder, one must experience depressive
episodes and ____ episodes
manic
Electroconvulsive therapy creates what
physiological experience in the brain that
then is thought to “reset” the brain and
decrease depression?
seizures
Jan is terrified of heights. Her therapist
teaches her relaxation skills and then has her
start with relaxing in a mild anxiety-provoking
situation (climbing a small ladder) and work
her way up to relaxing through a highly
anxiety-provoking situation (looking out over
the overlook at Garvin Heights). This
exposure technique is called ______________
______________.
systemic desensitization
If Jan’s therapist were to start her at the
highest anxiety-provoking situation and keep
her in the situation until her anxiety
diminished, thus skipping all the low-level
steps, this would be the exposure technique
called
flooding
For exposure treatment to work effectively,
one needs to confront the feared object or
situation in vivo (or in real life) as opposed to
imaginal or covert exposure. However, the
one exception to this is that ______
seems to create similar results in patients to
in vivo exposure.
virtual reality
what is one of the three factors proposed by the sociocultural perspective as causes of generalized anxiety disorder?
truly dangerous conditions
poverty
race ethnicity
_______ theory (part of
the cognitive perspective) suggests that
generalized anxiety arises from discomfort
with feeling unsure of things.
intolerance of uncertainty
In someone with social anxiety disorder, the
amygdala sends alarms very easily to the rest
of the brain to say something could be
dangerous, and the ________
assesses these situations as threatening and
does not shut off the alarm.
prefrontal cortex
true or false those in poverty experience higher rates of anxiety disorders than those not in poverty
true
what type of drug is most commonly used to treat obsessive compulsive disorder?
antidepressant medication or SSRIs
Which type of obsession in OCD is most
stigmatized, according to the article you
read?
intrusive taboo thoughts
Mack is constantly comparing his nose and
eyes to other people’s and believes his nose
and eyes are misshapen and grotesque-
looking. Other people find him to be an
attractive young man. Mack may have
body dysmorphic disorder
Individuals with obsessive-compulsive
disorder tend to have ______ standards of
conduct than those without.
(Higher or lower?)
higher
Individuals with obsessive-compulsive
disorder tend to have _____ depression than
those without.
(Higher or lower?)
higher
According to the behavioral perspective, why
do compulsions continue to occur after
obsessions? (What purpose do compulsions
serve?)
negative reinforcement, removal of anxiety
which neurotransmitter is most likely at work in obsessive compulsive disorder
serotonin
what is the first thing someone at a crisis hotline does when faced with a call from someone with suicidal thoughts
build a positive relationship
what is the first thing a hospital does when someone comes in after a suicide attempt
deal with medical issues
list the two types of drugs that increase GABA activity in the brain
barbiturates or benzodiazepine
true or false to be diagnosed with a depressive episode you must have a depressed mood
false
True or false: All obsessions fall into the
categories of symmetry/incompleteness,
cleanliness, responsibility for harm, and taboo
thoughts.
false ; these are just the most common types
independent variable
variable being changed or controlled
dependent variable
variable being tested and measured
Belle doesn’t party more than a typical
college student, and she really enjoys
partying. However, it prevents her from
turning in work and going to class, and soon
she is failing her classes. Which of the 4
D’s of abnormality best represents this?
dysfunction
4 ds of abnormality
deviance, distress, dysfunction and danger
In an experiment on a new depression drug,
if the participant does not know if they are
receiving a placebo or a drug, this is called
a _____ study.
blind
Whereas most people feel some anxiety
about a job interview, Kalyn experiences
extremely intense anxiety. This idea of
being outside the statistical norm
represents which of the 4 D’s?
deviance
When we talk about a study being
generalizable to the population as a whole,
and generalizable to real-world situations,
we are talking about ______ validity
external validity
external validity
examines whether the findings of a study can be generalized to other contexts
internal validity
the degree of confidence that the casual relationship you are testing is not influenced by other factors or variables
the group that does not get treatment is
control group
What function does the neurotransmitter
GABA serve?
A. Regulates mood
B. Regulates appetite
C. Regulates sleep
D. Reduces anxiety/physiological arousal
reduces anxiety/ physiological arousal
I spill a few drops of coffee on myself and I
feel extremely anxious about it all day
because I think that everyone sees it and
judges me
Label each of these A, B, or C according to
Ellis’s ABC model:
spilling coffee - A
thinking everyone judges me = B
feeling anxious = C
Alana once got bit by a dog, and now she
associates dogs with pain and fears them.
A behaviorist would suggest that this is an
example of
classical conditioning
If Harry believes he is only good and lovable
if he is good at sports, Carl Rogers and the
humanistic perspective would say that he
has developed
conditions of worth
true or false: Diagnosis can be
destigmatizing to some people because it
gives them a name to what they are
experiencing and makes them feel less
alone.
true
Kelland takes an assessment for depression
and scores pretty highly. He then takes it
about a week later, and he scores really
low, even though his depression level hasn’t
changed. This likely represents a problem
with what type of reliability?
test retest
Upon going to college, Elena has a bad
interaction with the first person she meets
in her dorm. As a result, she believes that
college will be horrible. Cognitive theorist
Aaron Beck would suggest she is engaging
in
overgeneralization
According to the psychodynamic perspective:
The ______ is driven by the pleasure principle.
The ______ is driven by the reality principle.
The ______ is driven by the morality
principle.
id
ego
super ego
The view of mental illness as caused by
possession or evil spirits is consistent with
the _____ of mental
health.
demonological model
Anthony helps his little sister with her
homework. To encourage him to do this
more often, his parents tell him that he
doesn’t have to do his chores that night. In
operant conditioning, this would be an
example of
negative reinforcement
Anthony tells his little sister she’s stupid.
His parents, upset by this, do not want him
to do it again, so they tell him he cannot go
out with his friends that night. In operant
conditioning, this is called
negative punishment
