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abnormal psych > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

depression

A

low, sad state in which life seems dark and challenges seem overwhelming

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2
Q

unipolar depression

A

diagnosis like major depressive disorder, and persistent depression disorder

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3
Q

bipolar disorder

A

extended period above a high line

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4
Q

unipolar depression is higher risk for people in

A

populations in poverty, LGBTQ,

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5
Q

mood episode

A

a collection of a certain number of symptoms that occur over the course of a minimal time period

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6
Q

diagnosis

A

determined by which mood episodes are present over the course of an individuals life

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7
Q

specifiers

A

give more information as to things like the frequency , course or onset of episodes in a diagnosis

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7
Q

major depressive episode criteria

A

presence in 5 or more symptoms, must include at least one of the first two symptoms over the course of 2 weeks

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7
Q

major depressive episode symptoms

A

-depressed mood
-diminished interest in activity
-weight loss or gain
- insomnia or hyperinsomnia
- daily fatigue or has loss of energy
-feelings of worthlessness
-reduced ability to think or concentrate
recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

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7
Q

specifiers for major depressive disorder

A

recurrent, seasonal, single episode, post paturm

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7
Q

biological causes of major depressive disorder

A
  1. genetics
  2. neurotransmitters, endocrine system (unipolar depression is related to prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala
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7
Q

psychological causes of major depressive disorder

A

maladaptive attitudes
cognitive triad
errors in thinking
automatic thoughts

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7
Q

maladaptive thinking

A

rash and untrue core beliefs that underly “i am ugly”

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7
Q

cognitive traid

A
  1. self , 2. world/ experiences 3. future
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8
Q

error in thinking

A

mistaking interpretations of events
-automatic thoughts - involuntary: often outside o awareness

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9
Q

strength in diagnosing major depressive disorder

A

tons of research support

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10
Q

weakness in diagnosing major depressive disorder

A

not all thoughts are irrational
we dont know the causes of thoughts

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11
Q

learned helplessness and depression

A

depression comes from belief that we have no control over negative circumstances

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12
Q

weakness of learned helplessness

A

most research used animals

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13
Q

attributional theory

A

how people perceive everyday experiences
1. external or interal
2. global or specific
3. stable or unstable

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14
Q

sociocultural approach of depression

A

environmental stressors make people have these symptoms
higher risk groups = poverty, LGBTQ, people of color

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15
Q

artifact theory

A

suggest that the difference between genders is due to clinician or diagnostic systems more sensitive to diagnosing women with depression than men

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16
Q

hormone explanation of women > men and being diagnosed with depression

A

though estrogen causes depression and that testosterone protects more against it
-low levels of testosterone are associated with low level depression symptoms
high testosterone is associated with agressive symptoms

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17
Q

life stress theory

A

women experience more life stress than men

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18
Q

lack of control theory

A

women more likely to be depressed because of things they cant control - pay gap

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19
Q

rumination

A

overthinking or dwelling on unpleasant emotions
-women ruminate more

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20
Q

cognitive therapies phases

A
  1. behavioral activation
  2. challenging automatic thoughts
  3. identify negative thinking patterns and biases
  4. changing underlying attiudes
    goes with beck’s ABC
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21
Q

strengths of cognitive therapies for major depression disorder

A
  1. it works
  2. its fast
  3. addresses behavior, cognitions and affects
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22
Q

weakness for cognitive therapies for major depression disorder

A
  1. it doesn’t work for everyone
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23
Q

acceptance and community therapy

A

doing what is going to benefit you the most
-accepting thoughts and feelings you cant change

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24
Q

clean distress

A

emotion that is unavoidable

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25
Q

dirty distress

A

avoiding emotions that will add to distress by trying to get rid of clean distress

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26
Q

antidepressant medications

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
selective norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors

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27
Q

strengths of antidepressant medications

A
  1. works for more severe to moderate-severe depression
  2. newer antidepressant have less side effectz
28
Q

weakness of antidepressant medications

A
  1. side effects are better but they are still there
  2. the impact of antidepressants can be overestimated for those on the lower end of the scale
29
Q

brain stimulation is used when and what are they

A

other treatments dont work
- electroconvulsive therapy
-transcranial magnetic stimulation
-vagus nerve stimulation

30
Q

electroconvulsive therapy

A

treatment that involves sending an electric current through your brain.
-has a bad history
-may leave you with cognitive difficulties

31
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

more targeted way of ETC

32
Q

vagus nerve stimulation

A

activates parasympathetic nervous system to bring arousal down to baseline

33
Q

what is the most effective brain stimulation therapy

A

ETC

34
Q

what is the gold standard for treating mental illness

A

medication and therapy

35
Q

manic episode criteria

A

1 week period of abnormality elevated or irritable mood, increased activity or energy with at least 3 of following
- inflated self estem
- decrease need for sleep
- increased talkativeness
- racing thoughts

36
Q

hypomanic episode criteria

A

fewer symptoms and shorter time period - still with 3 symptoms
-noticeable by others
- not severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning

37
Q

bipolar diagnoses: bipolar 1

A

manic episode necessary

38
Q

bipolar diagnoses: bipolar 2

A

hypomania episode necessary, no manic episodes

39
Q

causes of bipolar disorder

A

biological
-lack of neurotransmitter regulation
- ion activity - cant regulate which ions go in or out
- brain structure
- genetic factors
- circadium rhythms

40
Q

treatment for bipolar disorder

A
  • mood stabilizers (work better for manic episodes than depressive ones)
    downside is that there a side effects and people have a hard time to sticking to medication
41
Q

adjunctive psycho therapy

A

usually paired with medicine/ mood stabilizers
focuses on 1. medication management 2. social skills
3. relationship skills 4. general coping skills

42
Q

definition of suicide

A

self-inflicted death in which one makes an intentional. direct and conscious effect to end one’s life

43
Q

which gender is more likely to commit suicide

A

men

44
Q

lethality in women and men

A

women are more likely to cut or use medications
men are more likely to be aggressive deaths

45
Q

age groups most at risk for suicide

A

older adults (75+)

46
Q

triggers of suicide

A

stressful events
mood or thought changes
alcohol or drug use
psychological disorders
modeling - more suicide attempts in tight communities after an attempt

47
Q

treatment for after attempts

A
  1. initial goals: always medical care
  2. follow up care - can be hard with insurance and availabilty
48
Q

goals of therapy after attempts

A
  1. keep patient alive
  2. reduce psychache
  3. restore nonsuicidal state of mind
  4. increase options for handling stress
49
Q

anxiety

A

response to a vague event or threat
-sympathetic nervous system goes nuts

50
Q

anxiety disorders

A

generalized anxiety disorder
specific phobias
agoraphobia - fear of going out in public
social anxiety disorder
panic disorders

51
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

characterized by excess anxiety under most circumstances
-common in women
- typical age of onset in childhood or adolscence
- about 1/4 seek treatment

52
Q

criteria for GAD

A

excessive worry more days than night and for at least 6 months
3 or more symptoms
- easily fatigued
-difficulty concentrating and mind going blank
- irrability
- muscle tension
- sleep disturbance

53
Q

biological perspective of GAD

A

genetics
neurotransmitters = serotonins, low gaba activity

54
Q

sociocultural perspective of GAD

A

3 factors suggested cause GAD
1. dangerous conditions - hurricanes, tornados
2. poverty
3. race/ ethnicity
4. gender

55
Q

strengths of sociocultural perspective of GAD

A

higher rates of GAD in populations that experience dangerous conditions
- they legit have a reason

56
Q

weakness of sociocultural perspective of GAD

A

doesnt tell us why some people have GAD and others dont despite being in the same place

57
Q

cognitive perspective of GAD

A

irrational assumptions
1. desire necessity to be liked by all
2. it is awful and catastrophic when things dont go to plan
3. situation/. or person isnt safe until proven safe
4. always best to assume the worst

58
Q

intolerance of uncertainty theory

A

generally have a hard time with uncertainty

59
Q

avoidance theory

A

avoiding certain emotions/ distress

60
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

fear or anxiety about social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny of others

61
Q

what gender is more likely to experience social anxiety disorder

A

women

62
Q

biological causes of social anxiety

A

overactive- amygdala, prefrontal cortex
- process too many things as a threat

63
Q

cognitive causes of social anxiety

A

automatic negative thoughts related to social things
- increase social standards
- less perceptions of social skills
- negative reinforcment

64
Q

treatment of social anxiety - anti anxiety

A

anti - anxiety = barbiturates, benzodiazepines to increase GABA and bring arousal levels down
-can be addictive
- cant function very well with them
- interact with other drugs

65
Q

treatment of social anxiety - anti depressant

A

increase serotonin
- relaxation training - build coping skills
- biofeedback - measures physiological arousals

66
Q

cognitive behavior treatments of anxiety disorder

A

acceptance and commitment theory
social skills training

67
Q

exposure therapy

A

systematic desentization
1. teach relaxation skills
2. create fear hierarchy
3. pair relaxation with feared objects

68
Q

flooding

A

forced non gradual exposure

69
Q

modeling

A

therapist confronts feared objects while fearful person observes

70
Q

OCD types

A
  1. symmetry/ incompleteness
  2. contamination
  3. responsibility for harm
  4. intrusive/ taboo thoughts
71
Q

what makes OCD diagnosable

A

takes up too much time
causes great distress
excessive unreasonable
causes dysfunction

72
Q

OCD biological perspective

A

genetics, neurotransmitters, brain structure
treatment is serotonin-based antidepressants

73
Q

behavioral perspective of OCD

A

purposes that people happen upon compulsions quite randomly and therefore focuses on compulsions
- compulsion decrease anxiety and thus rewarding
treatment = exposure and response prevention

74
Q

cognitive perspective of OCD

A

intrusive and unwanted thoughts, but different interpretations
thoughts –> compulsions —-> reduced anxiety

75
Q

why do some people develop OCD

A
  1. those with depression
  2. those with higher standards - perfectionism
  3. thing they need to have control over their thoughts
  4. tend to equate thoughts and actions
76
Q

OCD related disorders

A

hoarding disorders
hair pulling
skin picking
body dysmorphia

77
Q

body dysmorphia

A

preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance

abnormal psych (5 decks)

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