exam 2 Flashcards
depression
low, sad state in which life seems dark and challenges seem overwhelming
unipolar depression
diagnosis like major depressive disorder, and persistent depression disorder
bipolar disorder
extended period above a high line
unipolar depression is higher risk for people in
populations in poverty, LGBTQ,
mood episode
a collection of a certain number of symptoms that occur over the course of a minimal time period
diagnosis
determined by which mood episodes are present over the course of an individuals life
specifiers
give more information as to things like the frequency , course or onset of episodes in a diagnosis
major depressive episode criteria
presence in 5 or more symptoms, must include at least one of the first two symptoms over the course of 2 weeks
major depressive episode symptoms
-depressed mood
-diminished interest in activity
-weight loss or gain
- insomnia or hyperinsomnia
- daily fatigue or has loss of energy
-feelings of worthlessness
-reduced ability to think or concentrate
recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
specifiers for major depressive disorder
recurrent, seasonal, single episode, post paturm
biological causes of major depressive disorder
- genetics
- neurotransmitters, endocrine system (unipolar depression is related to prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala
psychological causes of major depressive disorder
maladaptive attitudes
cognitive triad
errors in thinking
automatic thoughts
maladaptive thinking
rash and untrue core beliefs that underly “i am ugly”
cognitive traid
- self , 2. world/ experiences 3. future
error in thinking
mistaking interpretations of events
-automatic thoughts - involuntary: often outside o awareness
strength in diagnosing major depressive disorder
tons of research support
weakness in diagnosing major depressive disorder
not all thoughts are irrational
we dont know the causes of thoughts
learned helplessness and depression
depression comes from belief that we have no control over negative circumstances
weakness of learned helplessness
most research used animals
attributional theory
how people perceive everyday experiences
1. external or interal
2. global or specific
3. stable or unstable
sociocultural approach of depression
environmental stressors make people have these symptoms
higher risk groups = poverty, LGBTQ, people of color
artifact theory
suggest that the difference between genders is due to clinician or diagnostic systems more sensitive to diagnosing women with depression than men
hormone explanation of women > men and being diagnosed with depression
though estrogen causes depression and that testosterone protects more against it
-low levels of testosterone are associated with low level depression symptoms
high testosterone is associated with agressive symptoms
life stress theory
women experience more life stress than men
lack of control theory
women more likely to be depressed because of things they cant control - pay gap
rumination
overthinking or dwelling on unpleasant emotions
-women ruminate more
cognitive therapies phases
- behavioral activation
- challenging automatic thoughts
- identify negative thinking patterns and biases
- changing underlying attiudes
goes with beck’s ABC
strengths of cognitive therapies for major depression disorder
- it works
- its fast
- addresses behavior, cognitions and affects
weakness for cognitive therapies for major depression disorder
- it doesn’t work for everyone
acceptance and community therapy
doing what is going to benefit you the most
-accepting thoughts and feelings you cant change
clean distress
emotion that is unavoidable
dirty distress
avoiding emotions that will add to distress by trying to get rid of clean distress
antidepressant medications
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
selective norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors
strengths of antidepressant medications
- works for more severe to moderate-severe depression
- newer antidepressant have less side effectz
weakness of antidepressant medications
- side effects are better but they are still there
- the impact of antidepressants can be overestimated for those on the lower end of the scale
brain stimulation is used when and what are they
other treatments dont work
- electroconvulsive therapy
-transcranial magnetic stimulation
-vagus nerve stimulation
electroconvulsive therapy
treatment that involves sending an electric current through your brain.
-has a bad history
-may leave you with cognitive difficulties
transcranial magnetic stimulation
more targeted way of ETC
vagus nerve stimulation
activates parasympathetic nervous system to bring arousal down to baseline
what is the most effective brain stimulation therapy
ETC
what is the gold standard for treating mental illness
medication and therapy
manic episode criteria
1 week period of abnormality elevated or irritable mood, increased activity or energy with at least 3 of following
- inflated self estem
- decrease need for sleep
- increased talkativeness
- racing thoughts
hypomanic episode criteria
fewer symptoms and shorter time period - still with 3 symptoms
-noticeable by others
- not severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning
bipolar diagnoses: bipolar 1
manic episode necessary
bipolar diagnoses: bipolar 2
hypomania episode necessary, no manic episodes
causes of bipolar disorder
biological
-lack of neurotransmitter regulation
- ion activity - cant regulate which ions go in or out
- brain structure
- genetic factors
- circadium rhythms
treatment for bipolar disorder
- mood stabilizers (work better for manic episodes than depressive ones)
downside is that there a side effects and people have a hard time to sticking to medication
adjunctive psycho therapy
usually paired with medicine/ mood stabilizers
focuses on 1. medication management 2. social skills
3. relationship skills 4. general coping skills
definition of suicide
self-inflicted death in which one makes an intentional. direct and conscious effect to end one’s life
which gender is more likely to commit suicide
men
lethality in women and men
women are more likely to cut or use medications
men are more likely to be aggressive deaths
age groups most at risk for suicide
older adults (75+)
triggers of suicide
stressful events
mood or thought changes
alcohol or drug use
psychological disorders
modeling - more suicide attempts in tight communities after an attempt
treatment for after attempts
- initial goals: always medical care
- follow up care - can be hard with insurance and availabilty
goals of therapy after attempts
- keep patient alive
- reduce psychache
- restore nonsuicidal state of mind
- increase options for handling stress
anxiety
response to a vague event or threat
-sympathetic nervous system goes nuts
anxiety disorders
generalized anxiety disorder
specific phobias
agoraphobia - fear of going out in public
social anxiety disorder
panic disorders
generalized anxiety disorder
characterized by excess anxiety under most circumstances
-common in women
- typical age of onset in childhood or adolscence
- about 1/4 seek treatment
criteria for GAD
excessive worry more days than night and for at least 6 months
3 or more symptoms
- easily fatigued
-difficulty concentrating and mind going blank
- irrability
- muscle tension
- sleep disturbance
biological perspective of GAD
genetics
neurotransmitters = serotonins, low gaba activity
sociocultural perspective of GAD
3 factors suggested cause GAD
1. dangerous conditions - hurricanes, tornados
2. poverty
3. race/ ethnicity
4. gender
strengths of sociocultural perspective of GAD
higher rates of GAD in populations that experience dangerous conditions
- they legit have a reason
weakness of sociocultural perspective of GAD
doesnt tell us why some people have GAD and others dont despite being in the same place
cognitive perspective of GAD
irrational assumptions
1. desire necessity to be liked by all
2. it is awful and catastrophic when things dont go to plan
3. situation/. or person isnt safe until proven safe
4. always best to assume the worst
intolerance of uncertainty theory
generally have a hard time with uncertainty
avoidance theory
avoiding certain emotions/ distress
social anxiety disorder
fear or anxiety about social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny of others
what gender is more likely to experience social anxiety disorder
women
biological causes of social anxiety
overactive- amygdala, prefrontal cortex
- process too many things as a threat
cognitive causes of social anxiety
automatic negative thoughts related to social things
- increase social standards
- less perceptions of social skills
- negative reinforcment
treatment of social anxiety - anti anxiety
anti - anxiety = barbiturates, benzodiazepines to increase GABA and bring arousal levels down
-can be addictive
- cant function very well with them
- interact with other drugs
treatment of social anxiety - anti depressant
increase serotonin
- relaxation training - build coping skills
- biofeedback - measures physiological arousals
cognitive behavior treatments of anxiety disorder
acceptance and commitment theory
social skills training
exposure therapy
systematic desentization
1. teach relaxation skills
2. create fear hierarchy
3. pair relaxation with feared objects
flooding
forced non gradual exposure
modeling
therapist confronts feared objects while fearful person observes
OCD types
- symmetry/ incompleteness
- contamination
- responsibility for harm
- intrusive/ taboo thoughts
what makes OCD diagnosable
takes up too much time
causes great distress
excessive unreasonable
causes dysfunction
OCD biological perspective
genetics, neurotransmitters, brain structure
treatment is serotonin-based antidepressants
behavioral perspective of OCD
purposes that people happen upon compulsions quite randomly and therefore focuses on compulsions
- compulsion decrease anxiety and thus rewarding
treatment = exposure and response prevention
cognitive perspective of OCD
intrusive and unwanted thoughts, but different interpretations
thoughts –> compulsions —-> reduced anxiety
why do some people develop OCD
- those with depression
- those with higher standards - perfectionism
- thing they need to have control over their thoughts
- tend to equate thoughts and actions
OCD related disorders
hoarding disorders
hair pulling
skin picking
body dysmorphia
body dysmorphia
preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance
