exam 1 Flashcards
4 D’s
- deviance
- distress
- dysfunction
- danger
deviance
different, extreme, unusual - away from baseline
distress
unpleasant and upsetting to the person (anxiety)
dysfunction
interferring with the persons ability to conduct daily activities in a constuctive way
danger
posing risk or harm
limitations for deviance
- cultural differences
- cut off points- whats considered norml
- reason - disorder (mental) or disease
limitations for distress
- grief
- school stress
limitations of dysfunction
- disability/ physical impairment
- hangover
limitations for danger
most disorders arent dangerous
speeding, smoking
demonological model
anything super natural
-mental disorders is witch craft or being prossessed
medical model
backed by medicine
asylums (15-20th centuries)
psychiatric hospitals how vs how their were
-basic needs were neglected
moral therapy movement
if you treat people and them happy, they will get better
deinstitutionalizations
start to get medications that people can take to help- outside insitutions
-push to get out of hosptials
1960 community health act
local low cost options for people to get treatment within their communties
-cost a lot of money
challenges of research
ethical and validity
ethical issues
rights of participants
-informed consent
-condidentiality
-experimental research
internal validity
cause and effect
external validity
generalizability - do they look like real world results
- how well do they apply to real people
qualitative method
interview and case studies
quantitative method
statistics
sample
small group taken from population
the participant use for study
-random assigment
variable
the particular attribute that is being researched
population
entire group that is interested in learning the experience tested
random selection
everyone has an equal chance at being selected
-increases external validity
correlational mehod
measures degree to which events or characterisitics vary with each other
benefits of correlation
-replicable
-generalizability
-gives equal ideas for future
-allows for studying things that cannot be manipulated
correlation does not have good ____ validity
internal validity
problems with correlations
directionality
third variable problem
experimental method
supports causation when well done
- one variable is manipulated and the effect on another variable is observed
manipulated variable
independent variable
variable being observed
dependent variable
3 ways to guard against confounds
- control group - no treatment
- random assignment = equal chance be in either group
- blind design
hypothesis
statement about the cause of event or about the relationship between 2 events
analogue experiement
involves stimulating a real life situation under controlled conditions
attrition
some people drop out over time
cross sectional study
involves examining different groups of people at one point of time
cohort effects
children in different ages are raised at different eras
goal of random assignment
elimate pre existing group differences
matched groups
use variables and match based on variables w equal number of people in each variable
prevalance
total number of cases in a given period
incidence
number of new cases that emerge in a given period
kinship studies
used to determine genetic factors in disorders
concordance rates
% likelihood that you will be diagnosed with a disorder if a family member has it
family studies
look at people over time (family tree)
adoptee studies
the strongest kineship study
-compare pairs of persons, e.g., adopted child and adoptive mother or adopted child and b
model of abnormality
set of assumptions about where mental health disorders, why they exist
biological perspective
medical model
- look at anatomy and chemistry
-genetic causes
strength of biological perspective
- lots of research
- treatments actually work
weakness of biological perspective
side effects of treatment
over relied upon
psychodynamic model
oldest model
-development stages
-persons personality behvavior is based on dynamic forces
- structures of identity (id, ego, superego)
- defense mechanisms
therapies for psychodynamic model
insight oriented
traditional pyschoanalysis
-fee asscociation
defense mechanism
1.denial
2. rationalzing
3. displacement
4. reaction formation
5. sublimation
denial
refusing to acceptance something threatening
rationalization
justifying unacceptable behavior
displacement
directing impulses toward threatening objects into less threatening objects
reaction formation
taking opposite position of threatening impulses
sublimation
channeling impulse into more acceptable behaviors
(art - putting emotions into painting)
strengths of cognitive model
make sense to clients
-recognizable and portable and can research
- effective
weaknesses to cognitive model
we dont know exactly what role cognitive plays into our mental health
-sometimes therapy doesnt help everyone
-not the right thing to change cognitive thoughts
ABC approuch
A= activiting event
b= belief
c= consequences
cognitive behavioral model
combines the cognitive model and the behavioral model to be how thoughtd and behaviors interact
rogers humanistic approach
belief about self acceptance
-focus on drive to self actualization through honest and non judgment
unconditional positive regard leads to
unconditional self regard
conditional positive regard leads to
conditional of worth
strength of humanistic approach
- taps into positive domain = first theory on the person and what promotes instead of elimanting distress
- big impact on clinical practice
weakness of humanistic approach
- focus on abstracting issues
- rejected theory at first - way to simplistic
sociocultural model
argue that abnormal belief is best understood in light of social and cultural forces that influence on individual
sociocultural model is comprised as 2 major perspectives
- family social perspective
- cultural perspective
social explantion and family explanation
social explanations and social labels and roles - being labeled can make symptoms worses
-social connections and supports
and family structures and roles
culture
set of values, attitudes, beliefs, history, and behaviors shared by a group of people
psychodynamic therapies strengths
emphasize negative consquences of child maltreatment and parenting
-focus on providing better enviroment for children
-defense mechanisms
psychodynamic therapies weakness
little date exists
difficult to measure
behavioral model
focuesd on nuture
-concentrations on behaviors nd enviroment factors
includes classical conditioning, operate conditioning, modeling
classical conditioning
unconditional stimulus = uncondition response
turns to conditional stimulus = conditioned response
operant conditioning
different behaviors are reinforced which shapes on going behaviors
positive reinforcement
addition of something present upon competing desired behavior
negative reinforcement
removal of something unpleasant upon completed desired behavior
-do something to prevent consequence
positive punishment
addition of something unpleasant upon completing undesired behavior
-putting a child into time out for hitting
negative punishment
removal of something pleasant upon completing undesired behavior
-taking away a phone for lying
behavioral therapies
aim to identify the behaviors that are causing problems
id
portion of the personality that is present at birth
seek immediate gratification
-pleasure principle
ego
organized, rational system that uses higher order thinking processes to obtain gratification
-reality principle - thinking it through
