exam 4 Flashcards
long term effects of substance use
substance use disorder
psychological dependence
physical dependence
short term effects of substance use
intoxication
potential hallucinations
2 forms of physical dependence
tolerance and withdrawl
substance use criteria
- take in larger amounts over a longer period of time than intented
- persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down on use
- time spent in activities necessary to obtain substance
- unable to fulfill obligations
- continues use depsite consequences
highest rate of substance use in
native Americans
lowest in asian americans
depressants
slows activity of the central nervous system
-reduce tension and inhibitions
3 most widely used depressants
sedative-hypnotic drugs
opioids
alcohol
binge drinking
occurs when people drink five or more drinks on a single occasion
how does alcohol work
binds to neurons, helps GABA shut down neurons and causes relaxation
stimulants
increase activity in central nervous system
- causes increase in blood pressure, heart rate, alertness
common stimulants
cocaine
amphetamines
caffeine
nicotine
caffeine acts as a stimulant by
producing releases of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
hallucinogens
produce delusions hallucinations, other sensory distortions
sociocultural views for substance use
family environment
social environment
cultural back ground
stressful socioeconomic conditions
psychological causes: cognitive behavioral view
Self: medication hypothesis - deal with unpleasant symptoms and turn to medication.
psychological causes: behaviorist
operant conditioning - actions that are followed by reinforcement will be strengthened and more likely to occur again in the future
- increase the likelihood of drinking because it relaxes, decreases feelings, decreases social anxiety, increases consequences
psychological causes: cognitive theorist
rewards produce expectancy that substances will be rewarding
biological view of substance use
genetic predisposition
- dopamine 2 receptor gene
biological views: biochemical factors
dopamine
incentive - sensitization theory
reward - deficiency syndrome
stages of change
- precontemplation = dont think you have a problem
- contemplation: acknowledge that there is a problem but doesn’t do anything about it
- preparation = planning for behavior change
- action - doing it
- maintenance = consistently doing the plan
types of therapy ; behavioral therapy
classical and operant conditioning
- aversion therapy, contingency management
-doesnt really work for substance use
types of therapy : cognitive behavioral therapy
self control strategies
- ABC
- antecedents - environment, seeing others drink
behaviors - drinking
consqeunces - hungover, anxiety, work and relationship issues
types of therapy : biological therapy for substance abuse
detoxification
aversion therapy drugs
drug maintenance therapy - hard drugs
usually not enough on your own
types of therapy: sociocultural approaches for substance abuse
self-help programs - can be incredibly helpful if you find the right one
community prevention programs - DARE
abstinence-only therapy
abstain from all substances
Harm Reduction
seeks to reduce the health and social harms associated with addiction and substance use, without necessarily requiring people who use substances from abstaining or stopping.
psychosis
a state defined by loss of contact with reality
hallucinations - sensory
delusions - thoughts and beliefs
criteria for schizophrenia
delusions
hallucinations
disorganized speech
grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
negative symptoms
present for at least 6 months
not due to other physical or psychological causes
what class is schizophrenia highest in
poverty
downward drift theory
people drift downward into poverty once they are diagnosed with schizophrenia
stress of poverty theory
those who are more stressed will develop the disorder
-those who are in poverty are more stressed
three phases of schizophrenia
prodromal
active
residual
prodromal
early signs and symptoms, don’t know the difference between hallucinations and reality
active
psychotic break
residual
remaining symptoms - looks like prodomal
positive symptoms of schizophrenia:
additions of not typical behaviors
-things you do in a psychosis that you dont do normally
- delusions
- disordered thinking and speech - neologism (making up words) clang - combining words that sound the same (rope and soap)
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
take away things you do normally experience but arent
- reduce words in talking when usually talkative
- restricted affect - almost robotic like
- loss of volition - lack of motivtion
- social withdrawal
psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia
awkward movements
repeated grimances
odd gestures
extreme form of catatonia - rigidity, lack of repsonsivness
common delusions
being controlled
persecution
grandjur - belief you are special
who is most likely to recover?
those who seek treatment early
those who have support
abrupt onset
later onset
onset caused by stress
cause of schizophrenia: biological
genetics
abnormal brain structure - smaller amounts of grey matter, abnormal flow to the brain, smaller temporal and frontal lobes
cause of schizophrenia: psychological
cognitive model suggest that schizophrenia may be caused by problems with attention, memory, and reasoning because of symptoms
Behavioral explanation: operant conditioning/ reinforcement - paying attention to your abnormal behaviors so they keep acting like that because it gives you the attention you want
psychodynamic = cold mothers
cause of schizophrenia: socio cultural
- multicultural factors: race and ethnicity differences
- unintentional bias - women more likely to ve diagnostic
- beliefs
- differences in race and ethnicity and poverty levels
pregnancy complications - prenatal exposure to viruses likelihood increases if mothers have certain illnesses
type 1 schizophrenia
dominated by positive symptoms - usually dopamine abnormalties
type 2 schizophrenia
dominated by negative symptoms - usually brain structure abnormalites
social labeling of schizophrenia
suggests that the features of schizophrenia are influenced by the diagnosis itself
treatment for antipsychotic medication
antipsychotic medication - neuroleptics and antipsychotic
first gen anti psychotic
neuroleptics
- decrease in dopamine in certain areas in the brain
which medication is good for positive symptoms
neuroleptics
downside of neuroleptics
serious side effects- tardive dyskinesia = tick like movement, motor side effects like tremors
2nd generation medication for schizophrenia
antipsychotic
lower risk of side effects
works better with negative symptoms
does more than just effect dopamine
psychotherapy
medication and psychotherapy
can be combined w family therapy or acceptance and commitment therapy
community approach to treating schizophrenia
medication
psychotherapy
help in daily functioning
guidance in decision making
RAISE initiative
recovery after an initial schizophrenia episode
- community based treatment
personality
set of uniquely expressed characteristics that impact our whole lives
3 ps of personality
persisted, pervasive pathological
persisted
has been the same across time
pervasive
across situations w rigidity and lack of flexibility
pathological
problematic behaviors
clusters of personality disorders
- old or eccentric behavior: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, personality disorder
- dramatic emotional erratic: antisocial, borderline, narcissistic personality
- anxious or fearful behaviors; avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
“odd” personality disorders
display symptoms somewhat similar to schizophrenia but not as extensive
paranoid personality disorder - odd personality
deep distrust and suspicion of others
remain cold and distant
critical weakness and fault in others
unable to recognize their own mistakes, sensitive to criticism
often blames others for problems
- more men then women
schizotypal personality disorder
range of interpersonal problems, including extreme discomfort in case relationships
-odd ways of thinking
- magical thinking
- difficulty w attentional focus and keeping conversations on track
- resembles schizophrenia but less extensive
schizoid personality disorder
do not want social relationships
limited emotional expression
disconnected emotionally want to be alone
no distress
- content with how they feel
dramatic personalities
Histronic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial
- dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors, difficulty in relationships
histronic
characterized by highly dramatic, emotional, and high attention seeking - displays emotion inapproprately
-vain, self centered, demanding
narcassistic
marked by grandiosity, and a need for admiration, lack of empathy and exaggeration of achievements and talents
- typically express ideas that they are better than others, more deserving then others, more talented
-often take advantage of others, because they believe they are deserving
causes of dramatic personality disorders: sociocultural
disorder is higher in those who need to present themselves in big ways (CEO)
causes of dramatic personality disorders: psychodynamic
the disorder is more present in children who were abused
if needs weren’t met as a child - it led to insecurity which led to a built facade that they are better than everyone
causes of dramatic personality disorders: cognitive behavioral
kids who are over-praised can develop this because they dont know how to deal with failure
treatment of dramatic personality disorders
difficult to treat,
often attempts to manipulate therapist into supporting sense of superiority
antisocial personality disorder
psychopaths, sociopaths
- persistent disregard for others rights
- lies, reckless behavior, impulsivity, cruel behaviors
what disorder is the most linked to criminal behavior
antisocial personality disorder
causes of antisocial personality disorder; psychodynamic
higher risk in children w adhd and conduct disorder
- abscence of parental love, therefore lack of basic trust for relationship
causes of antisocial personality disorder: behavioral
learned through modeling or unintentionally reinforced
causes of antisocial personality disorder; cognitive
hold maladaptive thoughts that trivialize the importance of other peoples needs
causes of antisocial personality disorder; biological
low levels of serotonin, deficient frontal lobe, functioning in the brain, lower levels of anxiety
treatment of antisocial personality disorder
cognitive therapy attempts to guide clients to think about moral issues and needs of others
borderline personality disorder
instability of mood: large emotional shifts
- high reactivity
instability of self-image - difficulty in establishing and maintaining identity
instability in maintaining relationships
causes of borderline personality disorder: external factors
trauma
not getting needs appropriately
being reinforced for problematic behaviors early
treatment used for borderline personality disorder
contemporary psychodynamic therapy focuses on relational patterns and working through trauma
- dialectical behavior therapy
dialectical behavior therapy
a mix of variety of treatments but mainly cognitive and behavioral
4 aspects: 1. mindfulness
2. emotional regulation skills
3. interpersonal skills
4. distress tolerance skills
anxious personality disorder
behavior is anxious and fearful
uncomfortable and inhibited in social situations
dependent personality disorder
Pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of
* “Clingy,” obedient, fear separation, indecisive
* Central feature is a difficulty with separation
obessive compusive personality disorder
Highly rigid, inflexible, preoccupied with order and perfection and control
