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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a producer/autotroph?

A

organism that makes its own food

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2
Q

What is a consumer/heterotroph?

A

organism that needs to eat other organisms in order to create organic molecules (glucose)

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3
Q

Which gases are Greenhouse Gases?

A

water vapor, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone

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4
Q

What do GHGs do?

A

insulate our earth

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5
Q

What is ATP?

A

usable energy in an organism

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6
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

they lower the activation energy for a chemical reaction

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7
Q

What abiotic factors affect the rate at which enzymes work?

A

temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration

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8
Q

What is a bolus?

A

a ball of chewed up food

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9
Q

What path does the bolus take?

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestine, out

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10
Q

Where are carbs digested and by what enzyme?

A

mouth with amylase

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11
Q

Where are proteins digested and by what enzymes?

A

stomach with pepsin and trypsin

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12
Q

Where are lipids digested and by what enzyme?

A

small intestines by lipase

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13
Q

Where are nucleic acids digested and by what enzyme?

A

small intestines with nuclease

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14
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

to carry oxygen and nutrients throughout the body via blood

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15
Q

Which systems make up the circulatory system?

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

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16
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

transport oxygen to the lungs and carbon dioxide out of the lungs

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17
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

digest and absorb nutrients from food

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18
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

control, regulate, and communicate with the body

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19
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A

remove liquid waste from the body

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20
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

movement and protection

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21
Q

What is the function of the muscular system?

A

movement

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22
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system?

A

protect the body’s internal organs and tissues, protect against invasion and dehydration

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23
Q

What systems are within the cardiovascular system?

A

pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems

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24
Q

What are the systems within the immune system?

A

lymphatic, skeletal, circulatory

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25
Q

What are the systems within the excretory system?

A

digestive, urinary

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26
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

a long-term relationship between organisms

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27
Q

What is commensalism?

A

one species benefits, the other is unaffected

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28
Q

What is an example of commensalism?

A

whales and barnacles

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29
Q

What is parasitism?

A

one species benefits, the other is harmed

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30
Q

What is an example of parasitism?

A

tick and human

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31
Q

What is mutualism?

A

both species benefit

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32
Q

What is an example of mutualism?

A

shark and remora

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33
Q

What is amensalism?

A

one species is unaffected, the other is harmed

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34
Q

What is an example of amensalism?

A

antibiotics

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35
Q

What is predation?

A

one organism consumes another

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36
Q

What is the ultimate cause of all population growth?

A

the birth rate exceeds the death rate

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37
Q

What does the term carrying capacity mean?

A

it is the maximum number of organisms a population can sustain

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38
Q

What does a trophic pyramid represent?

A

the passage of energy between trophic levels

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39
Q

How much energy is transferred through each trophic level?

A

10%

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40
Q

What are the five main ways CO2 is added to the atmosphere?

A
  1. Combustion
  2. Decomposition
  3. Forest fires
  4. Volcanic activity
  5. Cellular respiration
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41
Q

Which process removes CO2 from the atmosphere?

A

photosynthesis

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42
Q

What is the polymer of a protein?

A

polypeptide

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43
Q

What is the monomer of a protein?

A

amino acid

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44
Q

What are the elements of proteins?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

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45
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A

structure, enzymes, hormones, muscles

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46
Q

What are examples of proteins?

A

beans, meat, nuts

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47
Q

What is the polymer of a lipid?

A

phospholipid, triglyceride

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48
Q

What is the monomer of a lipid?

A

fatty acid

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49
Q

What are the elements of lipids?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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50
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

energy storage, cell membranes

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51
Q

What are examples of lipids?

A

fats, oils, waxes

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52
Q

What is the polymer of a carbohydrate?

A

polysaccharide

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53
Q

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

A

monosaccharide

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54
Q

What are the elements of carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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55
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

fast energy, structure in plants

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56
Q

What are examples of carbohydrates?

A

sugar, starch, greens

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57
Q

What is the polymer of a nucleic acid?

A

DNA, RNA

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58
Q

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

A

nucleotide

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59
Q

What are the elements of nucleic acids?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

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60
Q

What is the function of a nucleic acid?

A

store and transmit genetic data

61
Q

What are examples of nucleic acids?

A

all organic foods

62
Q

What is the naming rule for carbs?

A

“-ose”

63
Q

What is the naming rule for lipids?

A

“-ol”

64
Q

What is the naming rule for enzymes?

A

“-ase”

65
Q

What is a difference between eukaryotes and prokayotes?

A

eukaryotes have nuclei, prokaryotes do not

66
Q

Why do plants need light for photosynthesis?

A

to excite the electrons and split water

67
Q

Why do plants need water for photosynthesis?

A

to be split into H+ and O

68
Q

Why do plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis?

A

to be made into glucose during the Calvin Cycle

69
Q

Why does a plant give off O2?

A

it is created as a byproduct during the splitting of water

70
Q

Why does an animal need glucose for cellular respiration?

A

to perform glycolysis and create pyruvic acid

71
Q

Why does an animal need oxygen for cellular respiration?

A

to perform aerobic respiration where ATP will be created

72
Q

Why does an animal give off carbon dioxide?

A

it is created as a byproduct during the Krebs Cycle when A.CoA is formed

73
Q

Why does an animal give off water?

A

it is created as a byproduct in the ETC

74
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the passive transport of water across a cell membrane

75
Q

What would happen to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

the cell’s volume would increase

76
Q

What would happen to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

the cell’s volume would decrease

77
Q

What would happen to a cell in an isotonic solution?

A

the cell’s volume would remain the same

78
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

the pressure that is added to cell walls as plants bring water into their roots (hypotonic environment)

79
Q

What is cytolysis?

A

when an animal cell is in a hypotonic environment and swells so much to the point that it bursts

80
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

a state of balance needed for the body to survive

81
Q

What are three examples of an organism reacting to an imbalance?

A
  1. feeling hungry
  2. shivering when cold
  3. sweating when hot
82
Q

How do nerves communicate with each other?

A

they use electrical and chemical signals

83
Q

What is the path that air flows into the body (respiratory system)?

A

nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchus -> bronchiole -> alveoli

84
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

to detoxify blood and create bile

85
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

to filter the blood from nitrogen

86
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

to make enzymes that regulate bloodsugar

87
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

to pump blood throughout the body

88
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A

to draw in O2 and release CO2

89
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

90
Q

What is oxygen’s role in cellular respiration?

A

the final electron acceptor

91
Q

What is oxygen’s role in macromolecules?

A

it’s one of the building blocks of all macromolecules

92
Q

What is oxygen’s role in photosynthesis?

A

it’s created as a byproduct when H2O is split

93
Q

How does oxygen enter the bloodstream?

A

it is diffused from the alveoli into the capillaries

94
Q

How does oxygen enter the body cells?

A

it enter through diffusion across the cell membrane after it’s carried by red blood cells

95
Q

Which organelle stores water within a plant cell?

A

large central vacuole

96
Q

Which organelle manages or controls all the cell functions?

A

nucleus

97
Q

Which organelle contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis?

A

chloroplast

98
Q

Which organelle transports ribosomes throughout the cell?

A

rough ER

99
Q

Which organelle lacks ribosomes and transports lipids throughout the cell?

A

smooth ER

100
Q

Which organelle digests excess cells, food particles, and invasive bacteria or viruses (custodian)?

A

lysosomes

101
Q

Which organelle is the site on which proteins are assembled?

A

ribosomes

102
Q

Which organelle provides temporary storage of food, enzymes, and waste products?

A

vacuole

103
Q

Which organelle is the firm, protective structure that gives plant cells their shape?

A

cell wall

104
Q

Which organelle produces a usable form of energy for animal cells?

A

mitochondria

105
Q

What is the jelly-like substance within the cell?

A

cytosol/cytoplasm

106
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

nucleolus

107
Q

What is the name for the collection of DNA in the nucleus?

A

chromosomes

108
Q

Which organelle consists of hollow tubes and small fibers that give animal cells structure?

A

cytoskeleton

109
Q

Which organelles are small, hair-like structures used for absorbing nutrients?

A

cilia

110
Q

Which organelles are long tails that are used for movement?

A

flagella

111
Q

Which organelle packages proteins to be sent out of the cell?

A

golgi body

112
Q

Which organelle is used within animal cells to aid in reproduction (microtubules)?

A

centrioles

113
Q

What are vacuoles’ role in metabolism?

A

ingestion

114
Q

What are lysosomes’ role in metabolism?

A

digestion

115
Q

What are mitochondria’s role in metabolism?

A

respiration

116
Q

What is the plasma membrane’s role in metabolism?

A

regulation

117
Q

What are the four parts of metabolism?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. respiration
  4. regulation
118
Q

What is an invasive species?

A

a species that is not native to an area and is taking over the ecosystem

119
Q

What are the causes for an increase in invasive species?

A
  1. People - travel
  2. Global warming / climate change
120
Q

Why do invasive species populations increase so quickly?

A

they don’t have any natural predators or a lot of competition, so the death rate is very low

121
Q

What is the photosynthesis formula?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

122
Q

What is the cellular respiration formula?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

123
Q

What percentage of energy is LOST each time it goes to a new trophic level?

A

90%

124
Q

Where does the percentage of energy lost when it is transferred to a different trophic level go?

A

heat

125
Q

What cells in the blood transport oxygen?

A

RBCs / erythrocytes

126
Q

What is the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system?

A

alveoli

127
Q

What is the site of gas exchange in the circulatory system?

A

capillaries

128
Q

Which three elements are in all macromolecules?

A

C(arbon), H(ydrogen), O(xygen)

129
Q

How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?

A

they lower the activation energy by making the connection really weak

130
Q

What are three examples of homeostasis in the human body?

A
  1. body temperature regulation
  2. blood pressure regulation
  3. blood sugar regulation
131
Q

What types of molecules can diffuse across a cell membrane?

A

small, polar molecules

132
Q

What are two examples of molecules that can diffuse across a cell membrane?

A
  1. O2
  2. CO2
133
Q

Why is the cell membrane considered selectively permeable?

A

it lets some things in, denies others

134
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

lipids (phospholipid bilayer)

135
Q

What does a sensory neuron do?

A

carries impulses from sensory receptors towards the brain

136
Q

What does a motor neuron do?

A

carries impulses away from the brain to the muscles and glands

137
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

build up of lipids on the arterial walls or hardening of the walls

138
Q

What is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

139
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

heart attack; blockage of bloodflow to the heart due to a thrombosis

140
Q

What is a thrombosis?

A

blood clot

141
Q

How does the muscular system work with the circulatory system?

A

pumps blood and oxygen to the working muscles

142
Q

How does the muscular system work with the digestive system?

A

involuntary muscles move the food throughout the digestive system

143
Q

How does the muscular system work with the respiratory system?

A

the diaphragm allows the lungs to expand

144
Q

How does the muscular system work with the skeletal system?

A

muscles control the movement of the skeletal system

145
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

when the product of a reaction leads to a decrease in the reaction

146
Q

What are four ways that humans (the anthropocene) made Lyme Disease worse?

A
  1. Global warming (they can live in new places)
  2. Habitat encroachment (increased contact with animals)
  3. Global travel
  4. Killing off predators (decrease in biodiversity)
147
Q

What is oxygen’s role in the upper atmosphere?

A

to be ozone (protect from UV radiation)

148
Q

How do RBCs carry O2 in the blood?

A

with a protein called hemoglobin that uses a cofactor of iron

149
Q

Examples of homeostasis

A
  1. sweating
  2. shivering
  3. getting hungry

9 Biology (5 decks)

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