Final Flashcards
1
Q
What is a producer/autotroph?
A
organism that makes its own food
2
Q
What is a consumer/heterotroph?
A
organism that needs to eat other organisms in order to create organic molecules (glucose)
3
Q
Which gases are Greenhouse Gases?
A
water vapor, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone
4
Q
What do GHGs do?
A
insulate our earth
5
Q
What is ATP?
A
usable energy in an organism
6
Q
How do enzymes work?
A
they lower the activation energy for a chemical reaction
7
Q
What abiotic factors affect the rate at which enzymes work?
A
temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration
8
Q
What is a bolus?
A
a ball of chewed up food
9
Q
What path does the bolus take?
A
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestine, out
10
Q
Where are carbs digested and by what enzyme?
A
mouth with amylase
11
Q
Where are proteins digested and by what enzymes?
A
stomach with pepsin and trypsin
12
Q
Where are lipids digested and by what enzyme?
A
small intestines by lipase
13
Q
Where are nucleic acids digested and by what enzyme?
A
small intestines with nuclease
14
Q
What is the function of the circulatory system?
A
to carry oxygen and nutrients throughout the body via blood
15
Q
Which systems make up the circulatory system?
A
cardiovascular and lymphatic
16
Q
What is the function of the respiratory system?
A
transport oxygen to the lungs and carbon dioxide out of the lungs
17
Q
What is the function of the digestive system?
A
digest and absorb nutrients from food
18
Q
What is the function of the nervous system?
A
control, regulate, and communicate with the body
19
Q
What is the function of the urinary system?
A
remove liquid waste from the body
20
Q
What is the function of the skeletal system?
A
movement and protection
21
Q
What is the function of the muscular system?
A
movement
22
Q
What is the function of the integumentary system?
A
protect the body’s internal organs and tissues, protect against invasion and dehydration
23
Q
What systems are within the cardiovascular system?
A
pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems
24
Q
What are the systems within the immune system?
A
lymphatic, skeletal, circulatory
25
What are the systems within the excretory system?
digestive, urinary
26
What is symbiosis?
a long-term relationship between organisms
27
What is commensalism?
one species benefits, the other is unaffected
28
What is an example of commensalism?
whales and barnacles
29
What is parasitism?
one species benefits, the other is harmed
30
What is an example of parasitism?
tick and human
31
What is mutualism?
both species benefit
32
What is an example of mutualism?
shark and remora
33
What is amensalism?
one species is unaffected, the other is harmed
34
What is an example of amensalism?
antibiotics
35
What is predation?
one organism consumes another
36
What is the ultimate cause of all population growth?
the birth rate exceeds the death rate
37
What does the term carrying capacity mean?
it is the maximum number of organisms a population can sustain
38
What does a trophic pyramid represent?
the passage of energy between trophic levels
39
How much energy is transferred through each trophic level?
10%
40
What are the five main ways CO2 is added to the atmosphere?
1. Combustion
2. Decomposition
3. Forest fires
4. Volcanic activity
5. Cellular respiration
41
Which process removes CO2 from the atmosphere?
photosynthesis
42
What is the polymer of a protein?
polypeptide
43
What is the monomer of a protein?
amino acid
44
What are the elements of proteins?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
45
What is the function of proteins?
structure, enzymes, hormones, muscles
46
What are examples of proteins?
beans, meat, nuts
47
What is the polymer of a lipid?
phospholipid, triglyceride
48
What is the monomer of a lipid?
fatty acid
49
What are the elements of lipids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
50
What is the function of lipids?
energy storage, cell membranes
51
What are examples of lipids?
fats, oils, waxes
52
What is the polymer of a carbohydrate?
polysaccharide
53
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
monosaccharide
54
What are the elements of carbohydrates?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
55
What is the function of carbohydrates?
fast energy, structure in plants
56
What are examples of carbohydrates?
sugar, starch, greens
57
What is the polymer of a nucleic acid?
DNA, RNA
58
What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
nucleotide
59
What are the elements of nucleic acids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
60
What is the function of a nucleic acid?
store and transmit genetic data
61
What are examples of nucleic acids?
all organic foods
62
What is the naming rule for carbs?
"-ose"
63
What is the naming rule for lipids?
"-ol"
64
What is the naming rule for enzymes?
"-ase"
65
What is a difference between eukaryotes and prokayotes?
eukaryotes have nuclei, prokaryotes do not
66
Why do plants need light for photosynthesis?
to excite the electrons and split water
67
Why do plants need water for photosynthesis?
to be split into H+ and O
68
Why do plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis?
to be made into glucose during the Calvin Cycle
69
Why does a plant give off O2?
it is created as a byproduct during the splitting of water
70
Why does an animal need glucose for cellular respiration?
to perform glycolysis and create pyruvic acid
71
Why does an animal need oxygen for cellular respiration?
to perform aerobic respiration where ATP will be created
72
Why does an animal give off carbon dioxide?
it is created as a byproduct during the Krebs Cycle when A.CoA is formed
73
Why does an animal give off water?
it is created as a byproduct in the ETC
74
What is osmosis?
the passive transport of water across a cell membrane
75
What would happen to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
the cell's volume would increase
76
What would happen to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
the cell's volume would decrease
77
What would happen to a cell in an isotonic solution?
the cell's volume would remain the same
78
What is turgor pressure?
the pressure that is added to cell walls as plants bring water into their roots (hypotonic environment)
79
What is cytolysis?
when an animal cell is in a hypotonic environment and swells so much to the point that it bursts
80
What is homeostasis?
a state of balance needed for the body to survive
81
What are three examples of an organism reacting to an imbalance?
1. feeling hungry
2. shivering when cold
3. sweating when hot
82
How do nerves communicate with each other?
they use electrical and chemical signals
83
What is the path that air flows into the body (respiratory system)?
nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchus -> bronchiole -> alveoli
84
What is the function of the liver?
to detoxify blood and create bile
85
What is the function of the kidneys?
to filter the blood from nitrogen
86
What is the function of the pancreas?
to make enzymes that regulate bloodsugar
87
What is the function of the heart?
to pump blood throughout the body
88
What is the function of the lungs?
to draw in O2 and release CO2
89
What is diffusion?
the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
90
What is oxygen's role in cellular respiration?
the final electron acceptor
91
What is oxygen's role in macromolecules?
it's one of the building blocks of all macromolecules
92
What is oxygen's role in photosynthesis?
it's created as a byproduct when H2O is split
93
How does oxygen enter the bloodstream?
it is diffused from the alveoli into the capillaries
94
How does oxygen enter the body cells?
it enter through diffusion across the cell membrane after it's carried by red blood cells
95
Which organelle stores water within a plant cell?
large central vacuole
96
Which organelle manages or controls all the cell functions?
nucleus
97
Which organelle contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis?
chloroplast
98
Which organelle transports ribosomes throughout the cell?
rough ER
99
Which organelle lacks ribosomes and transports lipids throughout the cell?
smooth ER
100
Which organelle digests excess cells, food particles, and invasive bacteria or viruses (custodian)?
lysosomes
101
Which organelle is the site on which proteins are assembled?
ribosomes
102
Which organelle provides temporary storage of food, enzymes, and waste products?
vacuole
103
Which organelle is the firm, protective structure that gives plant cells their shape?
cell wall
104
Which organelle produces a usable form of energy for animal cells?
mitochondria
105
What is the jelly-like substance within the cell?
cytosol/cytoplasm
106
Where are ribosomes made?
nucleolus
107
What is the name for the collection of DNA in the nucleus?
chromosomes
108
Which organelle consists of hollow tubes and small fibers that give animal cells structure?
cytoskeleton
109
Which organelles are small, hair-like structures used for absorbing nutrients?
cilia
110
Which organelles are long tails that are used for movement?
flagella
111
Which organelle packages proteins to be sent out of the cell?
golgi body
112
Which organelle is used within animal cells to aid in reproduction (microtubules)?
centrioles
113
What are vacuoles' role in metabolism?
ingestion
114
What are lysosomes' role in metabolism?
digestion
115
What are mitochondria's role in metabolism?
respiration
116
What is the plasma membrane's role in metabolism?
regulation
117
What are the four parts of metabolism?
1. ingestion
2. digestion
3. respiration
4. regulation
118
What is an invasive species?
a species that is not native to an area and is taking over the ecosystem
119
What are the causes for an increase in invasive species?
1. People - travel
2. Global warming / climate change
120
Why do invasive species populations increase so quickly?
they don't have any natural predators or a lot of competition, so the death rate is very low
121
What is the photosynthesis formula?
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
122
What is the cellular respiration formula?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
123
What percentage of energy is LOST each time it goes to a new trophic level?
90%
124
Where does the percentage of energy lost when it is transferred to a different trophic level go?
heat
125
What cells in the blood transport oxygen?
RBCs / erythrocytes
126
What is the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system?
alveoli
127
What is the site of gas exchange in the circulatory system?
capillaries
128
Which three elements are in all macromolecules?
C(arbon), H(ydrogen), O(xygen)
129
How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?
they lower the activation energy by making the connection really weak
130
What are three examples of homeostasis in the human body?
1. body temperature regulation
2. blood pressure regulation
3. blood sugar regulation
131
What types of molecules can diffuse across a cell membrane?
small, polar molecules
132
What are two examples of molecules that can diffuse across a cell membrane?
1. O2
2. CO2
133
Why is the cell membrane considered selectively permeable?
it lets some things in, denies others
134
What is the cell membrane made of?
lipids (phospholipid bilayer)
135
What does a sensory neuron do?
carries impulses from sensory receptors towards the brain
136
What does a motor neuron do?
carries impulses away from the brain to the muscles and glands
137
what is atherosclerosis
build up of lipids on the arterial walls or hardening of the walls
138
What is hypertension?
high blood pressure
139
What is myocardial infarction?
heart attack; blockage of bloodflow to the heart due to a thrombosis
140
What is a thrombosis?
blood clot
141
How does the muscular system work with the circulatory system?
pumps blood and oxygen to the working muscles
142
How does the muscular system work with the digestive system?
involuntary muscles move the food throughout the digestive system
143
How does the muscular system work with the respiratory system?
the diaphragm allows the lungs to expand
144
How does the muscular system work with the skeletal system?
muscles control the movement of the skeletal system
145
What is a negative feedback loop?
when the product of a reaction leads to a decrease in the reaction
146
What are four ways that humans (the anthropocene) made Lyme Disease worse?
1. Global warming (they can live in new places)
2. Habitat encroachment (increased contact with animals)
3. Global travel
4. Killing off predators (decrease in biodiversity)
147
What is oxygen's role in the upper atmosphere?
to be ozone (protect from UV radiation)
148
How do RBCs carry O2 in the blood?
with a protein called hemoglobin that uses a cofactor of iron
149
Examples of homeostasis
1. sweating
2. shivering
3. getting hungry
