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9 Biology > Excretory System > Flashcards

Excretory System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

digestion and absorption

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2
Q

What is digestion?

A

the breakdown of food into small molecules (which are then absorbed into the body)

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3
Q

How does the mouth break down all food?

A

mechanically

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4
Q

What is the ball of food called that the mouth creates?

A

the bolus

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5
Q

What does the mouth chemically break down?

A

carbohydrates

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6
Q

How does the mouth chemically break down carbs?

A

with an enzyme called amylase

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7
Q

What does the esophagus do?

A

it’s a smooth muscle that squeezes the bolus into the stomach with a process called peristalsis

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8
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

mechanical digestion (churning) and chemical digestion of proteins

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9
Q

What enzymes does the stomach use to break down proteins (that also make up the gastric fluid)?

A

pepsin and trypsin

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10
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

a hole in the stomach that lets gastric fluids out

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11
Q

What is mucus in the stomach used for?

A

stops the stomach from digesting itself

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12
Q

What are sphincters?

A

muscles that squeezes at the beginning and end of stomach

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13
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter do?

A

separates the stomach from the small intestines

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14
Q

What is chyme?

A

fluids that travel from the stomach into the small intestine

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15
Q

Where are lipids digested?

A

small intestines

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16
Q

Where does bile come from?

A

it’s excreted from the liver into the gallbladder, then into the small intestines

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17
Q

Which enzyme digests lipids?

A

lipase

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18
Q

Which enzyme digests nucleic acids?

A

nuclease

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19
Q

How do all absorbtions by the villus occur?

A

through diffusion or facilitated diffusion into the blood

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20
Q

What happens after the bolus travels through the small intestines?

A

what is left goes to the large intestine

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21
Q

What happens in the large intestine (colon)?

A

water absorption

22
Q

After the bolus goes through the small intestines, what is it called?

A

feces

23
Q

After the feces go through the large intestine, what happens?

A

they go to the rectum waiting to be expelled

24
Q

What is the definition of an accessory organ?

A

an organ that the bolus DOES NOT travel through

25
Q

What are the 3 accessory organs?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Gallbladder
  3. Pancreas
26
Q

What does the liver do?

A

detoxifies blood and creates bile

27
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

stores bile

28
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

makes enzymes that regulate blood sugar

29
Q

Why is insulin created?

A

because the blood sugar is too high

30
Q

Why is glucagon created?

A

because the blood sugar is too low

31
Q

Where are macros absorbed?

A

small intestine

32
Q

What causes diabetes?

A

the inability to control the blood sugar by the pancreas

33
Q

What are the regions of the stomach?

A

esophagus -> cardia -> fundus -> body -> pyloric antrum -> pyloric canal -> pylorus -> duodenum

34
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum -> jejunum -> ileum

35
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A

appendix -> cecum -> ascending colon -> traverse colon -> descending colon -> sigmoid colon -> rectum -> anus

36
Q

Why is the large intestine considered large?

A

its diameter

37
Q

What is the purpose of the urinary system?

A

to remove liquid waste from the body (mostly nitrogen in the form of ammonia, NH3)

38
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A

filter the blood from nitrogen

39
Q

What are the 3 parts of a kidney?

A
  1. Renal Cortex
  2. Renal Medulla
  3. Renal Pelvis
40
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

the outermost portion of the kidney

41
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

the inner part of the kidney

42
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

the funnel in the center of the kidney

43
Q

What is a nephron?

A

a functional unit of a kidney

44
Q

How is urine made?

A

by a nephron

45
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

network of capillaries in the Bowman’s Capsule (location of filtration)

46
Q

What is the renal tubule?

A

location of re-absorption of all but platelets and large proteins

47
Q

What connects the kidneys to the bladder?

A

ureter

48
Q

What connects the bladder to the outside?

A

urethra

49
Q

Which kidney is higher in the body?

A

the left (OF THE PERSON)

50
Q

What are kidney stones?

A

when the filter gets stocked up

51
Q

What is a UTI?

A

Urinary Tract Infection – common in women

52
Q

What is a BPH?

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – common in men

9 Biology (5 decks)

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