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9 Biology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What three things form the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. blood
  2. heart
  3. blood vessels
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2
Q

What systems form the circulatory system?

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

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3
Q

What do arteries do?

A

carry blood away from the heart

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4
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the force blood exerts on the inside walls of a vessel

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5
Q

What are the two types of blood pressure?

A
  1. systolic
  2. diastolic
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6
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

the pressure when the heart muscle is contracted

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7
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

the pressure when the heart muscle is relaxed

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8
Q

What is a normal blood pressure?

A

120/80

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9
Q

What do veins do?

A

carry blood towards the heart

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10
Q

What do veins have that prevent blood from flowing backwards (because of low blood pressure)?

A

valves

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11
Q

What are the capillaries?

A

site of the gas exchange

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12
Q

Where does the blood flow from the arteries?

A

capillaries

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13
Q

Where does the blood flow from the capillaries?

A

veins

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14
Q

How will the O2 get to the capillaries?

A

it will diffuse from the respiratory system

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15
Q

How will CO2 get to the respiratory system?

A

it will diffuse from the capillaries

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16
Q

How thick are capillary walls?

A

one cell thick

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17
Q

Why are capillary walls so thin?

A

to allow for passive transport

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18
Q

Do veins have high or low pressure?

A

low

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19
Q

Do arteries have high or low pressure?

A

high

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20
Q

What do valves do?

A

prevent backflow

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21
Q

How much backflow do healthy valves allow for?

A

20% backflow, 80% flow

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22
Q

What does the tricuspid valve connect?

A

right atrium and right ventricle

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23
Q

What does the pulmonary valve (right semilunar) connect?

A

right ventricle and lungs

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24
Q

What does the mitril valve connect?

A

left atrium and left ventricle

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25
Q

What does the aortic valve (left semilunar) connect?

A

left ventricle and aorta

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26
Q

What is the sinoatrial node (SA)?

A

specialized heart muscle that initiates its own electrical impulse and contracts

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27
Q

Where is the SA located?

A

the right atrium

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28
Q

What is the SA otherwise known as?

A

the pacemaker

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29
Q

Where will the electrical impulse go after the SA?

A

the atrioventricular (AV) node

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30
Q

What does the AV node do?

A

spreads the electrical impulse

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31
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

between the aria

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32
Q

How do we get the classic “lub-dub” sound in the pulse?

A

the delay (from AV node) that causes the ventricles to contract at different times

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33
Q

What are the two patterns of circulation?

A
  1. pulmonary circuit - blood traveling between heart and lungs
  2. systemic circuit - blood traveling between heart an body
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34
Q

Which of the two patterns of circulation is more important?

A

pulmonary

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35
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

gets rid of the body/cell’s extracellular waste and produces white blood cells that kill germs

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36
Q

What will cause the heart rate to increase?

A

when the pH level in the blood drops

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37
Q

What causes the pH in the blood to drop?

A

CO2 levels increasing

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38
Q

What ratio of people will die of heart disease?

A

2/3

39
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

buildup of lipids on the arterial walls or hardening of the walls

40
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

heart attack; a blockage of blood flow to the heart due to a blood clot

41
Q

What is the scientific word for blood clot?

A

thrombosis

42
Q

What causes heart attacks?

A

smoking, diet, genetics

43
Q

What is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

44
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

to transport nutrients and O2 in and to transport CO2 and waste out

45
Q

What is plasma?

A

sticky, yellowish substance in the blood that contains everything else (like water in a river)

46
Q

Where do RBCs form?

A

red bone marrow

47
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

erythrocytes

48
Q

How do red blood cells carry O2?

A

use the protein hemoglobin (which uses iron as a cofactor) to carry O2

49
Q

What do mature RBCs not have?

A

nuclei

50
Q

Why is blood red?

A

iron

51
Q

What are platelets?

A

cells parts that form blood clots

52
Q

What protein do platelets create?

A

fibrin

53
Q

What type of system do we use for blood type?

A

ABO system

54
Q

A&B are co-dominate, O is recessive

A
55
Q

What does Rh system add to blood types?

A

a -, +, or =

56
Q

What is the universal donor?

A

O

57
Q

What is the universal taker?

A

AB

58
Q

What happens if you receive the wrong blood type?

A

it triggers an immune response

59
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

a disease that is caused by lack platelets

60
Q

What would happen if someone had a mitril valve prolapse?

A

there would be backflow into the left atrium; blood wouldn’t reach the aorta

61
Q

Why does blood pressure increase when you stand up from lying down?

A

gravity

62
Q

What is VSD?

A

tear in the septum of the heart that separates right and left ventricles

63
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

kill germs

64
Q

What is another name for WBCs?

A

leukocytes

65
Q

What is the largest type of WBC?

A

phagocyte

66
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

engulf germs using endocytosis

67
Q

What are antibodies?

A

proteins that help target bacteria & viruses (tell the phagocytes what to kill)

68
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

move to inflamed area to trap bacteria & viruses

69
Q

What do basophils do?

A

keep blood from clotting too quickly

70
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

aid in repairing after an infection

71
Q

Why is CO2 bad for cells?

A

it lowers the pH

72
Q

Where is the lowest pH blood in the body?

A

the right ventricle (it has the most CO2)

73
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

transports O2 to the lungs and CO2 out of the lungs

74
Q

What is external respiration?

A

lungs and the outside world

75
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

cellular respiration; cell and the blood

76
Q

What is the path of air?

A

Nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchus -> bronchiole -> alveoli

77
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

site of gas exchange in the lungs; tiny air sacks

78
Q

Why do the alveoli have so much surface area?

A

cilia (tiny, hair-like structures); to aid in diffusion of gases

79
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

flap that blocks the esophagus which goes to the stomach

80
Q

How is oxygen transported from the alveoli to the RBCs?

A

in the capillaries

81
Q

What path does CO2 take?

A

transported in the blood plasma to the capillaries then to the alveoli

82
Q

What is inspiration and how does it work?

A

the taking in of air; when the diaphragm pulls down, it makes the thoracic cavity larger (skeletal system), drawing in air to equalize the pressure (Boyle’s Law)

83
Q

What is expiration and how does it work?

A

diaphragm relaxes, decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity, pushing air out to equalize the pressure

84
Q

What is the rate of breathing controlled by?

A

the brain

85
Q

Why are there so many common lung issues?

A

because the lungs are designed to make contact directly with the outside world

86
Q

What is the most common valve issue?

A

backflow in the left atrium due to the mitril valve

87
Q

What does cyanide poison bind with?

A

the fourth protein in the ETC (blocks oxygen)

88
Q

What is the path of blood flow?

A

vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitril valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta

89
Q

What does blood contain and provide?

A

nutrients and glucose, fatty acids, amino acids

90
Q

Where is the heart located in the chest?

A

in the middle, tilted to the left

91
Q

What two systems work with the circulatory system?

A

muscular & respiratory

92
Q

What does the blood stream absorb?

A

nutrients and waste

93
Q

What does the circulatory system regulate in the body?

A

body temperature

9 Biology (5 decks)

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