Biochemistry Flashcards
1
Q
What are the atoms needed for life?
A
Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
2
Q
Living organisms are based on what element?
A
Carbon
3
Q
What are organisms made of carbon called?
A
Organic
4
Q
What has created the diversity of life?
A
Carbon’s ability to form large and complex molecules
5
Q
What elements do all macromolecules/organic molecules have?
A
C(arbon)H(ydrogen)O(xygen)
6
Q
What is a monomer?
A
one single molecule
7
Q
What is a polymer?
A
many molecules linked together
8
Q
What are macromolecules?
A
many polymers linked together
9
Q
What are the elements that make up carbohydrates?
A
CHO
10
Q
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
A
provide energy in the human body; the backbone of DNA; provide structure for plants
11
Q
Where can you find carbohydrates?
A
sugar, starch (long-term energy storage in plants), cellulose (make up plant cell walls), glycogen (sugar in the blood)
12
Q
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
A
monosaccharide
13
Q
What is the polymer of a carbohydrate?
A
polysaccharide
14
Q
What are the elements that make up proteins?
A
CHON
15
Q
What is the ending for carbohydrates?
A
“-ose”
16
Q
What shape are carbohydrates?
A
rings
17
Q
What are the functions of proteins?
A
structural, enzymes (end in “-ase”), messages (hormones), build muscles
18
Q
What are the monomers of proteins?
A
amino acids
19
Q
What are the polymers of proteins?
A
polypeptides
20
Q
Where can you find proteins?
A
meat, beans, nuts
21
Q
What shape are proteins?
A
ribbons
22
Q
What elements are lipids made of?
A
CHO
23
Q
What are the functions of lipids?
A
energy storage, insulate organs & surround cell
24
Q
What macromolecule is hydrophobic?
A
lipid
25
What is the monomer of a lipid?
fatty acid
26
What is the polymer of lipid?
triglycerides & phospholipids
27
Where can you find lipids?
fats, oils, waxes, steroids
28
What do lipids end in?
"-ol"
29
What shape are lipids?
long hydrocarbon tails
30
What are saturated fats?
solid at room temperature
31
What are unsaturated fats?
liquid at room temperature
32
What elements are nucleic acids made of?
CHONP
33
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
store and transmit genetic data
34
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
nucleotide
35
What are the polymers of nucleic acids?
DNA, RNA
36
Where can you find nucleic acids?
all organic food
37
What is the shape of nucleic acids?
helix
38
What is chemical energy?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate); to use it, the 3rd phosphate will break off
39
What do enzymes do?
1. allow for chemical reaction to occur by lowering the activation energy needed to have a chemical reaction
2. like pushing a car up a hill, enzymes flatten the ground; they make the connection really weak
3. break up molecules or put them together
40
What does a catalyst do?
changes a substance without changing itself
41
Where do you have the most enzymes?
in your stomach
42
What is a substrate?
molecule which will be broken apart by an enzyme
43
What is the product?
the molecules that are at the end of the process (enzymes)
44
What is the active site?
where the substrate is broken down on the enzyme
45
What is the model often used to represent enzymes and their products?
lock-and-key model
46
What is called when the enzyme and substrate are briefly connected?
enzyme-substrate complex
47
What factors affect enzyme activity?
temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration
48
At what temperature are enzymes most productive?
40 degrees C (98.6 degrees F)
49
What does denature mean?
when enzymes change shape, or "melt" & the substrate can no longer fit in the active site
50
What is the best pH level for enzymes?
7.1
51
Are macromolecules alive?
no, but cells are
52
What is enzyme concentration?
the number of enzymes (more enzymes=more product)
53
What is substrate concentration?
the number of substrates (ore substrate=more product)
54
Who invented the first microscope and telescope?
Hans and Zach Jensen (1630)
55
What did Robert Hooke do?
1. invented light microscope
2. discovered cells in cork
3. named cells (after rooms in a monastry)
4. Thought the cells looked like "tiny little boxes"
(1665)
56
What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek do?
1. First to look at living cells under a microscope; noticed they were full of things
2. microscope was 10x more powerful (precisely ground lense)
(1673)
57
About how big are plant cells?
10-50 uM (micrometers)
58
What did Matthias Schleiden do?
noticed that all plants are made of cells (1838)
59
What did Theodor Schwann do?
noticed that all animals are made of cells; noticed that cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (1839)
60
What did Rudolf Virchow do?
discovered that cells can only come from pre-existing cells via reproduction (1855)
61
In what order did the scientists figure things out?
Jensens (microscope), Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow
62
What are the three parts of Cell Theory?
1. All living things are composed of 1 or more cells - 1838, Schleiden (plants); 1839, Schwann (animals)
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism - 1839, Schwann
3. Cells come from only the reproduction of existing cells - 1855, Virchow
63
Why did Cell Theory take so long?
it came from three different scientists from around the world made different observations
64
What is Cell Diversity?
cells come in many different shapes and sizes; the variety of different kinds of cells
65
What is Cell Shape?
reflects a cell's functions: neurons are long to send and receive information; skin cells are flat and plate-like
66
What basic parts do all cells have?
Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleoid region
67
What is the Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane?
cell's outer boundary; made of lipids (phospholipid bilayer)
68
What is the Cytoplasm/Cytosol?
the jelly-like fluid that fills the cell
69
What is the Nucleoid region?
control center of the cell where chromosomes and DNA are held
70
What surrounds the nucleus?
the nuclear envelope
71
What is the nucleus filled with?
nucleoplasm
72
What is the small, dense region of the nucleus?
nucleolus
73
Where are ribosomes made?
on the nucleolus
74
What does the nucleus do?
like the control center of the cell; stores DNA and chromosomes
75
What do ribosomes do?
like food trucks of the cell; assemble and transport proteins
76
What does the rough ER do?
like a highway; transport ribosomes (with proteins) throughout the cell
77
What does the smooth ER do?
like a highway; lacks ribosomes; transports lipids throughout the cell
78
What does the mitochondria do?
powerhouse of the cell; takes glucose and makes ATP (chemical energy), called cellular respiration
79
Which organelle has its own DNA and can reproduce on its own?
Mitochondria
80
What does the Golgi Apparatus/body do?
mailroom of the cell; sorts, modifies, packages proteins to be sent out of the cell
81
What do vesicles do?
ball of membrane that carries ribosomes from the ER to the Golgi and outer membrane (physically small in pictures)
82
What do lysosomes do?
custodian of the cell; contain many enzymes that clean up all the waste of the cell (look like little balls in pictures)
83
What are peroxisomes?
part of lysosomes that contain enzymes that convert H2O2 to H2O
84
What are the three types of cytoskeleton?
1. microtubules
2. microfilaments
3. intermediate filaments
85
What does the cytoskeleton do?
like bones in your body; network of thin tubes that give the cell structure
86
What does the cilia do?
smaller hair-like structure on the outside of the cell that absorbs nutrients
87
What does the flagella do?
like a motor; longer hair-like structures that are responsible for movement on the outside of the cell
88
What are centrioles?
microtubules that are near the nucleus and aid in reproduction (ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS)
89
What organelles are only in plant cells?
cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts
90
What does the cell wall do?
outside the cell membrane; add support to the cell
91
What are cell walls made out of?
cellulose
92
What does the central vacuole do?
large balloon-like organelle that stores water and gives support to plants (without water, plants shrivel because vacuole shrivels)
93
What do the chloroplasts do?
responsible for photosynthesis; green in color
94
What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
eukaryotes have nuclei, prokaryotes do not have nuclei
95
Is a virus a cell?
no
96
Why are cells small?
many small cells can do a better job than one large cell; they're more efficient that way
97
Why does a cell never become too large?
because of its surface-area-to-volume ratio; the cell will divide instead
98
Which macromolecule is used for quick energy?
carbohydrate
99
What is an example of a co-enzyme?
vitamins
100
What is activation energy?
the amount of energy it takes for a chemical reaction to occur
101
How is the optimal pH different for enzymes in the stomach vs the enzymes that live in the mouth?
enzymes in the mouth probably have a pH of around 7, while stomach have lower pH (more acidic)
102
Where do you have the most enzymes?
your stomach
103
How is the atomic formula different in a lipid from a carbohydrate?
the ratios and configurations are different
104
Which should be easier to see -- plant or animal cells?
plant cells because they are bigger
105
What does a temperature graph look like (enzyme)?
graph
106
What does a pH graph look like (enzyme)?
graph
107
What does a substrate concentration graph look like (enzyme)?
graph
108
What does an enzyme concentration graph look like (enzyme)?
graph
