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Biochemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the atoms needed for life?

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

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2
Q

Living organisms are based on what element?

A

Carbon

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3
Q

What are organisms made of carbon called?

A

Organic

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4
Q

What has created the diversity of life?

A

Carbon’s ability to form large and complex molecules

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5
Q

What elements do all macromolecules/organic molecules have?

A

C(arbon)H(ydrogen)O(xygen)

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6
Q

What is a monomer?

A

one single molecule

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7
Q

What is a polymer?

A

many molecules linked together

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8
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

many polymers linked together

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9
Q

What are the elements that make up carbohydrates?

A

CHO

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10
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

provide energy in the human body; the backbone of DNA; provide structure for plants

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11
Q

Where can you find carbohydrates?

A

sugar, starch (long-term energy storage in plants), cellulose (make up plant cell walls), glycogen (sugar in the blood)

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12
Q

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

A

monosaccharide

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13
Q

What is the polymer of a carbohydrate?

A

polysaccharide

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14
Q

What are the elements that make up proteins?

A

CHON

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15
Q

What is the ending for carbohydrates?

A

“-ose”

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16
Q

What shape are carbohydrates?

A

rings

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17
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

structural, enzymes (end in “-ase”), messages (hormones), build muscles

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18
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

amino acids

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19
Q

What are the polymers of proteins?

A

polypeptides

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20
Q

Where can you find proteins?

A

meat, beans, nuts

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21
Q

What shape are proteins?

A

ribbons

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22
Q

What elements are lipids made of?

A

CHO

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23
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

energy storage, insulate organs & surround cell

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24
Q

What macromolecule is hydrophobic?

A

lipid

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25
Q

What is the monomer of a lipid?

A

fatty acid

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26
Q

What is the polymer of lipid?

A

triglycerides & phospholipids

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27
Q

Where can you find lipids?

A

fats, oils, waxes, steroids

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28
Q

What do lipids end in?

A

“-ol”

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29
Q

What shape are lipids?

A

long hydrocarbon tails

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30
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

solid at room temperature

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31
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

liquid at room temperature

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32
Q

What elements are nucleic acids made of?

A

CHONP

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33
Q

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

A

store and transmit genetic data

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34
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotide

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35
Q

What are the polymers of nucleic acids?

A

DNA, RNA

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36
Q

Where can you find nucleic acids?

A

all organic food

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37
Q

What is the shape of nucleic acids?

A

helix

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38
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate); to use it, the 3rd phosphate will break off

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39
Q

What do enzymes do?

A
  1. allow for chemical reaction to occur by lowering the activation energy needed to have a chemical reaction
  2. like pushing a car up a hill, enzymes flatten the ground; they make the connection really weak
  3. break up molecules or put them together
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40
Q

What does a catalyst do?

A

changes a substance without changing itself

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41
Q

Where do you have the most enzymes?

A

in your stomach

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42
Q

What is a substrate?

A

molecule which will be broken apart by an enzyme

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43
Q

What is the product?

A

the molecules that are at the end of the process (enzymes)

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44
Q

What is the active site?

A

where the substrate is broken down on the enzyme

45
Q

What is the model often used to represent enzymes and their products?

A

lock-and-key model

46
Q

What is called when the enzyme and substrate are briefly connected?

A

enzyme-substrate complex

47
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity?

A

temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration

48
Q

At what temperature are enzymes most productive?

A

40 degrees C (98.6 degrees F)

49
Q

What does denature mean?

A

when enzymes change shape, or “melt” & the substrate can no longer fit in the active site

50
Q

What is the best pH level for enzymes?

A

7.1

51
Q

Are macromolecules alive?

A

no, but cells are

52
Q

What is enzyme concentration?

A

the number of enzymes (more enzymes=more product)

53
Q

What is substrate concentration?

A

the number of substrates (ore substrate=more product)

54
Q

Who invented the first microscope and telescope?

A

Hans and Zach Jensen (1630)

55
Q

What did Robert Hooke do?

A
  1. invented light microscope
  2. discovered cells in cork
  3. named cells (after rooms in a monastry)
  4. Thought the cells looked like “tiny little boxes”
    (1665)
56
Q

What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek do?

A
  1. First to look at living cells under a microscope; noticed they were full of things
  2. microscope was 10x more powerful (precisely ground lense)
    (1673)
57
Q

About how big are plant cells?

A

10-50 uM (micrometers)

58
Q

What did Matthias Schleiden do?

A

noticed that all plants are made of cells (1838)

59
Q

What did Theodor Schwann do?

A

noticed that all animals are made of cells; noticed that cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (1839)

60
Q

What did Rudolf Virchow do?

A

discovered that cells can only come from pre-existing cells via reproduction (1855)

61
Q

In what order did the scientists figure things out?

A

Jensens (microscope), Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow

62
Q

What are the three parts of Cell Theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed of 1 or more cells - 1838, Schleiden (plants); 1839, Schwann (animals)
  2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism - 1839, Schwann
  3. Cells come from only the reproduction of existing cells - 1855, Virchow
63
Q

Why did Cell Theory take so long?

A

it came from three different scientists from around the world made different observations

64
Q

What is Cell Diversity?

A

cells come in many different shapes and sizes; the variety of different kinds of cells

65
Q

What is Cell Shape?

A

reflects a cell’s functions: neurons are long to send and receive information; skin cells are flat and plate-like

66
Q

What basic parts do all cells have?

A

Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleoid region

67
Q

What is the Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane?

A

cell’s outer boundary; made of lipids (phospholipid bilayer)

68
Q

What is the Cytoplasm/Cytosol?

A

the jelly-like fluid that fills the cell

69
Q

What is the Nucleoid region?

A

control center of the cell where chromosomes and DNA are held

70
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A

the nuclear envelope

71
Q

What is the nucleus filled with?

A

nucleoplasm

72
Q

What is the small, dense region of the nucleus?

A

nucleolus

73
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

on the nucleolus

74
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

like the control center of the cell; stores DNA and chromosomes

75
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

like food trucks of the cell; assemble and transport proteins

76
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

like a highway; transport ribosomes (with proteins) throughout the cell

77
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

like a highway; lacks ribosomes; transports lipids throughout the cell

78
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

powerhouse of the cell; takes glucose and makes ATP (chemical energy), called cellular respiration

79
Q

Which organelle has its own DNA and can reproduce on its own?

A

Mitochondria

80
Q

What does the Golgi Apparatus/body do?

A

mailroom of the cell; sorts, modifies, packages proteins to be sent out of the cell

81
Q

What do vesicles do?

A

ball of membrane that carries ribosomes from the ER to the Golgi and outer membrane (physically small in pictures)

82
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

custodian of the cell; contain many enzymes that clean up all the waste of the cell (look like little balls in pictures)

83
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

part of lysosomes that contain enzymes that convert H2O2 to H2O

84
Q

What are the three types of cytoskeleton?

A
  1. microtubules
  2. microfilaments
  3. intermediate filaments
85
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

like bones in your body; network of thin tubes that give the cell structure

86
Q

What does the cilia do?

A

smaller hair-like structure on the outside of the cell that absorbs nutrients

87
Q

What does the flagella do?

A

like a motor; longer hair-like structures that are responsible for movement on the outside of the cell

88
Q

What are centrioles?

A

microtubules that are near the nucleus and aid in reproduction (ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS)

89
Q

What organelles are only in plant cells?

A

cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts

90
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

outside the cell membrane; add support to the cell

91
Q

What are cell walls made out of?

A

cellulose

92
Q

What does the central vacuole do?

A

large balloon-like organelle that stores water and gives support to plants (without water, plants shrivel because vacuole shrivels)

93
Q

What do the chloroplasts do?

A

responsible for photosynthesis; green in color

94
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes have nuclei, prokaryotes do not have nuclei

95
Q

Is a virus a cell?

A

no

96
Q

Why are cells small?

A

many small cells can do a better job than one large cell; they’re more efficient that way

97
Q

Why does a cell never become too large?

A

because of its surface-area-to-volume ratio; the cell will divide instead

98
Q

Which macromolecule is used for quick energy?

A

carbohydrate

99
Q

What is an example of a co-enzyme?

A

vitamins

100
Q

What is activation energy?

A

the amount of energy it takes for a chemical reaction to occur

101
Q

How is the optimal pH different for enzymes in the stomach vs the enzymes that live in the mouth?

A

enzymes in the mouth probably have a pH of around 7, while stomach have lower pH (more acidic)

102
Q

Where do you have the most enzymes?

A

your stomach

103
Q

How is the atomic formula different in a lipid from a carbohydrate?

A

the ratios and configurations are different

104
Q

Which should be easier to see – plant or animal cells?

A

plant cells because they are bigger

105
Q

What does a temperature graph look like (enzyme)?

A

graph

106
Q

What does a pH graph look like (enzyme)?

A

graph

107
Q

What does a substrate concentration graph look like (enzyme)?

A

graph

108
Q

What does an enzyme concentration graph look like (enzyme)?

A

graph

9 Biology (5 decks)

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