Final🔥🔥 Flashcards
4 adult tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular
5 groups of adult CT
Loose
Dense
Bone
Blood
Cartilage
The 3 germ layers
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
4 junction types
Gap
Tight
Hemidesmosome
Desmosome
The 4 membranes
Serous
Mucous
Synovial
Cutaneous
If a membrane has a resting transmembrane potential of -70mV, it is said to be
Polarized
At rest, what ions will a cell have more in the cytoplasm than outside the cell?
Potassium
During membrane repolarization, there is a decrease in membrane permeability to which ion?
Sodium
A membrane maintains its resting potential due to:
Sodium-potassium pumps
Where do graded potentials occur and how to they reach threshold?
Graded potentials occur on the somas/dendrites and they reach threshold via summation
What cells build tissues and what cell maintains tissues?
Blasts, cytes
What cell detects deep pressure in the integumentary system
Pacinian corpuscle
What epidermal cell is used for protection of the skin and releases lipids?
Keratinocytes
What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?
Motor
Sensory
Integration
What type of cell will release norepinephrine? I hat will be the receptor at the effector?
Adrenergic; alpha, beta
What are the 2 contractile proteins?
Myosin, actin
Steps in the contraction cycle:
ATP hydrolysis
Cross bridge formation
Power stroke
Detachment
What process aids in skeletal muscles relaxing?
Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine
Inactivation of acetylcholine by an enzyme occurs naturally. Certain drugs destroy this enzyme. What will happen to the neurons?
Postsynaptic neuron will remain active
Somatic nervous system synapses with:
Skeletal muscles
This tissue produces mucous and moves the mucous in the airways
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Can increase blood calcium levels by increasing calcium absorption from the GI tract
Calcitriol
What series of events helps to regulate internal environment?
Feedback cycle
What are the 5 components of a reflex pathway or feedback cycle?
Receptor
Sensory neuron (input)
Integration center
Motor neuron (output)
Effect
Reflex used for protecting a body part by pulling away from harmful stimulus
Flexor reflex
Polysynaptic
Ipsilateral
Your palms sweat due to:
Increases sympathetic stimulation of sweat glands possessing alpha 1 receptors
Tissue that composed serous membranes epithelial layer
Simple squamous
Can move mucous out of the trachea
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
One of the strongest tissues in the body. Located in intervertebral discs
Fibrocartilage
What membrane opens to the outside of the body?
Mucous
Tissue contains muscatinc receptors for thermoregulation over the entire body except the skin
Stratified cuboidal
Active form of vitamin D
Calcitriol
Osteoblast activity is increased and osteoclast activity is decreased
Estrogen, calcitonin
Released into the blood via adrenal gland
NE or epinephrine
Increases chondrocyte activity in the proliferation zone
IGF
Increases blood calcium levels
PTH
What system releases ACh and Ne
Sympathetic
What neurons always release ACh in both systems?
Preganglionic neurons
If an effector is Dually innervated, the effectors will receive
ACh and NE
Where would ACh be mimicked by nicotine?
Adrenal medullae cells
An increase in digestion would be caused by what system and sequence
Parasympathetic
ACh , muscarinic
Area separated into lobed and is lined with gray matter
Cerebrum
Mixed cranial nerve, allows face expressions
Facial
All are considered mixed nerves and can form plexuses
Spinal nerve
Decussation occurs in the medulla. Another term that describes sensory information entering one side of the body and exiting the opposite side is:
Contralateral
Myelination occurs in CNS and PNS. What cells myelinate in each system?
Schwann PNS
Oligodendrocytes
Sequence of events in maintaining homeostasis
Receptor, input, control center, output, and effector
Detecta and monitors stimuli
Sensory receptors
Afferent neuron
Sensory neuron
Efferent neuron
Motor neuron
Someone grabs you by the shoulder. What is the receptor type and what type of neuron?
Pacinian
Unipolar
Ephedra was taken off the market due to its agonistic adrenergic effects. What did it do?
Mimicked the effects of NE
Single layer lining alveolar and forming parietal and visceral pericardium
Serous membrane simple squamous
Tissue that forms exocrine glands
Stratified cuboidal
Input and output are controlled by what 2 systems?
Endocrine and nervous
Tissue, multiple layers, that lines esophagus and lines the mouth
Stratified squamous
