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AP I > Ch.4 Tissues > Flashcards

Ch.4 Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues made of and what kind of cells are they made up of?

A

Cells. Made up by the same cells with the same structure and function.

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2
Q

The 4 types of adult tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular

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3
Q

How many germ layers do tissues have?

A

3

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4
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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5
Q

What kind of tissue does ectoderm become?

A

Epithelial and nervous tissue

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6
Q

What tissues does Mesoderm become?

A

Epithelial, muscular (cardiac,smooth, and skeletal), and adult connective tissues

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7
Q

What tissue does the endoderm become?

A

Epithelial tissue

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8
Q

What germ tissue does bone come from?

A

Mesoderm

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9
Q

What germ tissue does Epithelial tissue come from?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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10
Q

What germ layer does nervous tissue come from?

A

Ectoderm

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11
Q

Define differentiate

A

Un specialized cells coming together to form specialized cells

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12
Q

What are cell junctions?

A

Holds cells together and helps them
Communicate

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13
Q

This type of cell junction seals the cells making sure fluids can’t seep out. Like the lining of your stomach.

A

Tight junction

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14
Q

What kind of protein does tight junctions have?

A

Transmembrane proteins

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15
Q

What type of cell junction gives strength to the tissues when pulled or stretched?

A

Desmosome

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16
Q

What kind of tissues are desmosome?

A

Cardiac and epithelial (skin)

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17
Q

How do desmosomes give strength to their tissues?

A

Interlocking transmembrane glycoproteins that anchor the cell.

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18
Q

What is the name for a desmosome transmembrane glycoprotein?

A

Cadherin

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19
Q

What kind of cell junction locks the bottom of the cell into the basement membrane?

A

Hemideosome

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20
Q

What kind of tissues are hemidesmosome?

A

Epithelial

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21
Q

What is a hemidesmosome transmembrane glycoprotein called?

A

Integrin

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22
Q

What kind of cell junction allows communication between cells, allowing ions, signals and fluids to travel between them?

A

Gap junctions

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23
Q

What tissues to gap junctions service?

A

Epithelial, muscular and nervous tissue

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24
Q

How do gap junctions work?

A

They use connexons that are made up of hollow tubes called connexins that let things travel between the cells

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25
Q

What are the two types of glands in the human body?

A

Endocrine and exocrine

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26
Q

How do endocrine glads work?

A

They secrete material into the blood. I.e hormones

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27
Q

How do exocrine glands work?

A

They secrete material to the surface

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28
Q

Name the parts of a simple tubular gland.

A

The secretory portion where the material is, then the duct is where it releases.

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29
Q

What parts of the body use Merocrine glands?

A

Sweat glands and salivary glands

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30
Q

How does Merocrine excrete?

A

Through Exocytosis

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31
Q

How does apocrine exocrine glands differ from Merocrine glands and what parts of the body are apocrine?

A

It’s thicker,
Mammary glands and some sweat glands

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32
Q

What type of exocrine functional classification does mammary glands and some sweat glands use?

A

Apocrine

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33
Q

What kind of exocrine functional classification does sweat glands and salivary glands use?

A

Merocrine

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34
Q

How is Holocrine excocrine cells different from Merocrine and apocrine?

A

The whole cell gets secreted.

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35
Q

If a runner starts sweating, what type of gland is at work and what functional classification is it?

A

Exocrine, Merocrine

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36
Q

What gland does mammary glands use and what classification?

A

Exocrine, apocrine

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37
Q

What are the 3 types of Epithelial membranes?

A

Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous

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38
Q

Where is mucous membranes used?

A

Lines membranes that are open to the outside of the body.

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39
Q

What kind of membranes surround the heart, lungs and abdominopelic regions, how many layers and where are the layers?

How does this membrane aid the body?

A

Serous membranes
Two layers
Outside layer is the parietal layer
Interior layer is the visceral layer

Helps reduce friction between organs

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40
Q

What is another name for the skin membrane?

A

Cutaneous

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41
Q

What are the layers of a cutaneous membrane?

A

Top layer is the epidermis
Lower layer is the dermis

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42
Q

What kind of tissue is connective tissue?

A

Synovial

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43
Q

What is synovial tissue make up from?

A

Areolar tissue and adipose tissue (fat tissue)

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44
Q

Where can you find symovial tissue?

A

I’m freely moving joints

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45
Q

What epithelial mucous membrane tissue is in the mouth, esophagus, nose and mouth?

A

Stratified squamous

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46
Q

What epithelial mucous membrane tissue is in the small and large intestine?

A

Simple columnar

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47
Q

How many types of muscous membrane tissues are there?

A

4

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48
Q

What type of mucous tissues are found in the anus, urethra and vagina?

A

Stratified squamous

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49
Q

What kind of mucous membrane tissue can be found in the trachea and bronchi?

A

Paeudostratified ciliated columnar

50
Q

What mucous tissue is found in bronchi and bronchioles?

A

Bronchi: pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Bronchioles: simple ciliated columnar

51
Q

What type of tissue make up the cutaneous membrane? (Skin)

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

52
Q

What is the basement membrane composed of?

A

The Basal lamina and the reticular lamina

53
Q

What absorbs nutrients on the apical surface?

A

Microvilli

54
Q

Where is somewhere you could find microvilli?

A

The GI tract

55
Q

Name this epithelial cell

A

Stratified columnar

56
Q

Name this epithelial cell

A

Simple ciliated columnar

57
Q

Name this epithelial cell

A

Stratified squamous

58
Q

Name this epithelial cell

A

Simple squamous

59
Q

Name this epithelial cell

A

Simple cuboidal

60
Q

Name the shape of this epithelial cell

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

61
Q

Study

A

Study

62
Q

Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs and cavities

A

Epithelial tissue

63
Q

Protects and supports the body and its organs

A

Connective tissues

64
Q

Cells specialized for contraction and generation of force

A

Muscular tissue

65
Q

Detecta changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body

A

Nervous tissue

66
Q

What are nervous tissue electrical signals called?

A

Action potentials

67
Q

What parts of the body are activated by action potentials? (Nerve impulses)

A

Muscular and glandular contractions

68
Q

What kind of tissue lines the urinary tract?

A

Transitional epithelium

69
Q

What kind of tissue lines blood vessels and lymphatic vessels?

A

Endothelium

70
Q

What kind of tissue forms the serous membranes?

A

Mesothelium

71
Q

Where would you find simple squamous epithelium?

A

Lining the peritoneum

72
Q

Where would you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Ovaries, eyes, kidney tubules, thyroid gland and pancreas

73
Q

Where would you find nonciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

Lines the digestive canal and gallbladder

74
Q

Where would you find ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

Bronchioles, uterine tubes, central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of the brain.

75
Q

Purpose of simp. Squamous

A

Filtration or diffusion

76
Q

Purpose of simp cuboidal

A

Secretion and absorption

77
Q

Purpose of nonciliated simp columnar

A

Secretion and absorption

78
Q

What makes keratinized tissue different from other tissues?

A

It has a dead tissue layer on the apical surface

79
Q

Where are collagen fibers found?

A

Connective tissues, bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

80
Q

The 2 types of embryonic connective tissues

A

Mesenchyme
Mucoid (mucous)

81
Q

2 types of mature connective (proper) tissue

A

Loose and dense connective tissue

82
Q

3 types of loose connective tissues

A

Areolar, adipose and reticular connective tissues.

83
Q

3 types of dense connective tissues

A

Dense regular, irregular and elastic connective tissue

84
Q

3 types of supporting connective tissue

A

Cartilage, bone and liquid connective tissue

85
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, fibrous, and elastic cartilage

86
Q

2 types of bone tissue

A

Compact and spongy bone tissue

87
Q

2 types of liquid connective tissue

A

Blood and lymph plasma

88
Q

Function of supporting connective tissues

A

Protects and supports soft tissues of the body

89
Q

Location of dense regular con. Tissue

A

Tendons, ligaments

90
Q

Location of dense irregular con. Tissue

A

Heart, perichondrium of cartilage membrane capsules

91
Q

Location of elastic connective tissues

A

Arteries, trachea, bronchial

92
Q

Name of scar forming process

A

Fibrosis

93
Q

They synthesize collagen and other extra cellular materials to form scars

A

Fibroblasts

94
Q

Tissue that forms around a large wound to provide the framework for epithelial cells to fill it

A

Granulation tissue

95
Q

What could be a result of adhesion formation as a result of abdominal surgery?

A

Attachment of the stomach to the transverse colon of the large intestine.

:adhesions commonly form in the abdomen around a site of previous inflammation such as an inflamed appendix.

96
Q

What are adhesions?

A

Abnormal joining of tissues

97
Q

Name 3 types of immature cells found in connective tissues

A

Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts.

They are capable of cell division and secretion of the extracellular matrix. If cells lose their cell division capability and extracellular matrix is formed, they can mature into chondrocytes, osteocytes and erythrocytes.

98
Q

What is the only organ that has smooth muscle tissue that lacks gap junctions?

How do they operate differently?

A

Iris of the eye
The fibers contact individually because they cannot sent signals between cells

99
Q

What in the nervous system does not transmit action potentials? What are they and what do they do instead?

A

Neuroglia, they support neurons physically and metabolically

100
Q

Areolar tissue contains which cell type in the greatest number?

A

Fibroblasts

101
Q

Type of epithelium specialized for movement and found in the trachea

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

102
Q

Which part of the nervous tissue transmits an action potential?

A

The Axon?

103
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Immature and undifferentiated cells

104
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

105
Q

Connective cell that secretes antibodies and is apart pf the body’s immune system

A

Plasma cells

106
Q

What are fixed cells?

A

Permanent components of a specific cell

107
Q

Suffix indication
-blasts

A

Undergo cell division and secrete most of the matrix

108
Q

Suffix indication
-cytes

A

Maintains cell matrix and rarely undergoes cell division

109
Q

Identify the C.T. And the markings

A

Mesenchyme

Ground substance
Nucleus
Reticular fiber

110
Q

Identify the C.T. And it’s markings

A

Mucoid

Epi. Surface
Collagen fiber
Nucleus of fibroblast
Ground substance

111
Q

Identify C.T and it’s markings

A

Areolar

Collagen fiber
Fibroblast
Elastic fiber
Reticular fiber
Mast cell

112
Q

Identify C.T and it’s markings

A

Adipose

Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Fat cell storage
Nucleus
Blood vessel

113
Q

Identify C.T. And it’s markings

A

Reticular

Reticular fiber
Nucleus
Reticular fiber

114
Q

Identify C.T and it’s markings

A

Dense regular C.T.

Nucleus of fibroblast
Collagen fiber

115
Q

Identify C.T and it’s markings

A

Dense irregular C.T

Nucleus of fibroblast
Transverse section of collagen fiber
Blood vessel
Nucleus of fibroblast

116
Q

Identify the C.T and it’s markings

A

Elastic membranes
Nucleus of fibroblast

117
Q

Identify the C.T and it’s markings

A

Hyaline cartilage

Perichondrium
Lacuna
Nucleus of chondrocyte
Ground substance

118
Q

Identify C.T. And it’s markings

A

Fibrous cartilage

Nucleus of chondrocyte
Lacuna
Collagen
Nucleus

119
Q

Identify C.T and it’s markings

A

Elastic collagen

Lacuna
Elastic fiber
Nucleus
Cartilage

120
Q

Identify supporting C.T and it’s markings

A

Compact bone

Bone canaliculi
Haversian canal
Lacuna
Lamella

121
Q

Identify C.T and it’s markings

A

Blood

Leukocyte
Blood plasma
Platelet (blood clotting)
Red blood cell

AP I (15 decks)

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