Final Flashcards
1
Q
research
A
systematic inquiry that validates and refines existing knowledge, and developing new ones
2
Q
nursing research
A
- scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge regarding nursing practice
- also generates new knowledge
3
Q
what is EBP?
A
clinical nursing practice that promotes quality, safe, and cost-effective outcomes
4
Q
characteristics of quantitative research
A
- uses large numbers, surveys, data, questionnaires, and positivism
- deductive reasoning
- closed questions
- tests theories
5
Q
characteristics of qualitative research
A
- use of words, small sample, focus groups, in-depth analysis
- open-ended questions
- develops theory
- inductive reasoning
6
Q
positivist philosophy
A
all genuine knowledge is true by definition
7
Q
inductive reasoning
A
reasoning that moves from a specific knowledge to the general theory
(induces new theories that stem from specific scenarios)
8
Q
deductive reasoning
A
formation of a general theory to a particular situation or conclusion
(deduction to specifics)
9
Q
example of deductive reasoning
A
knowing that narcotics cause respiratory depression –> a patient will have that side effect when they take it
10
Q
types of qualitative research
A
- phenomenological research
- grounded theory
- ethnographic research
- exploratory-descriptive research
- historical research
11
Q
phenomenological research
A
an inductive research approach used to describe an experience as it is lived by an individual
lived experience of chronic pain
12
Q
grounded theory
A
an inductive research technique used to formulate, test, and refine a theory about a particular phenomenon
13
Q
ethnographic research
A
investigates cultures through an in-depth study of the members of that culture
13
Q
what is the role of BSN nurses in research?
A
they critique studies, conduct EBP with guidance, and assist in research
14
Q
what are the goals of conducting research?
A
devise a description of the problem, explanation of its cause, prediction of its patterns, and a control that draws the outcome
15
Q
what are the strategies for research synthesis?
A
- systematic review
- meta-analysis
- meta-synthesis
- mixed-methods
16
Q
systematic review
A
identify, select, critically appraise, and synthesize research evidence
17
Q
meta-analysis
A
determines the effect of an intervention by pooling the results from several previous studies using statistical analysis
18
Q
meta-synthesis
A
compilation and integration of qualitative studies
19
Q
what is the goal of quantitative research?
A
explain the relationships between variables while predicting an outcome from those relationships
20
Q
what are the types of quantitative research?
A
- experimental
- quasi-experimental
- correlational
- descriptive
21
Q
what does descriptive research entail?
A
discovery of new meaning, along with description and exploration of phenomena in real-life situations
22
Q
what does correlational research present?
A
the type and strength of the relationship between two or more variables
no cause and effect
23
Q
what does quasi-experimental research present?
A
cause and effect relationships between variables
24
what is the most common scenario where quasi-experimental is used?
implementing treatments and examining the relationship between the outcome and intervention
25
why is quasi-experimental research not ideal for settings that are nonpractical and one with ethical implications?
it examines human behavior & natural human responses
26
define control
it is the imposing of rules to *decrease possibility of error* and *increase accuracy* of findings
27
what are the types of settings for quantitative research?
- natural/ field (home, playground)
- partially controlled (community clinics)
- highly controlled/ lab (research unit, lab, ICU)
28
what are the components of research reports?
**A**bstract
**I**ntroduction
**M**ethods
**R**esults
**D**iscussion
**R**eference list
29
example of a partially controlled setting
community clinics
30
examples of highly controlled settings
research units, lab, ICU
31
how is rigor achieved in qualitative research?
- openness
- adherence to a philosophical perspective
- thoroughness in collecting data
- consideration of all data in subjective theory development phase
32
what is the primary purpose of literature review in quantitative studies?
- gain a broad understanding of information available
- describe current knowledge of topic *(address the gaps)*
- present the rationale of the research purpose
33
what are the things the methods section of a research report describe?
- design sample (and the process for obtaining it)
- measurement methods
- treatment
- data collection process
- list of statistical analyses conducted
34
what does the *discussion section* of the research report provide?
*a comparison of synthesized findings* with other studies by **interpreting differences, and identifying limitations & implications**
35
primary source
written by the original creator of the idea that was published
36
secondary source
summarizes the content from the primary source (meta analysis report)
37
what are the top most trusted databases for nursing research?
- PubMed
- CINHAL
38
what are the 3 elements of EBP?
- best research evidence
- clinical expertise
- patient's circumstances & values
39
what does the *NINR* offer to nursing researchers?
offers grants to researchers at any point in their careers from the treatment of illness to include health promotion and illness prevention.
| funding for disease treatment & prevention, and health promotion
40
define basic research
pure research that is only involved in the lab
41
what does applied research entail?
- problem solving in clinical practice
- studies the effects of an intervention
- applies findings on real patients
42
what are the challenges of a *mixed-method design*?
- funding
- combining qualitative & quantitative data
- resources
43
what do *mixed-method* researchers capitalize on to produce more robust findings?
the strengths of numbers and words to answer different components or stages of a research question
44
what are *three foci of evaluation* in appraising the quality of healthcare?
| according to Donabedian's Theory
- structure *(where care is provided)*
- process *(how is was provided)*
- outcome
| evaluated over the course of a specific timeframe
45
what does power mean in research?
the probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference
46
validity is a result of accuracy
true
47
reliability is a result of consistency
true
48
define normal curve
it is the theoretical frequency distribution of all possible values in a population
49
mode, mean, and median are equal in a normal distribution curve
true
50
examples of direct measures
* weight
* BP
* O2 sat
* temperature
51
examples of indirect measures
* pain
* depression
* coping
* self-care
* self-esteem
* anxiety levels
* feelings
52
what are the types of measurement errors?
- systematic
- random
53
what is a random measurement error?
measured values & true value have *no clear pattern*
54
what is a systematic measurement error?
the variation in measurement values is primarily in the same direction
55
what value is the lowest acceptable coefficient for a well-developed measurement tool?
≥ 0.80
56
what are physiological measures?
these are measurement methods that are used to quantify the level of functioning of human beings
57
define *sensitivity*
the proportion of patients with a disease who have a positive screening test
58
define *specificity*
proportion of patients without a disease who have a negative screening test
59
what is the Likert Scale designed for?
to determine the *opinions or attitudes* of study subjects
| "most / least likely; somewhat"
60
what is the Visual Analog Scale used for?
to measure the strength, magnitude, or intensity of subjective feelings
61
# levels of evidence
Level 1
- systematic review
- meta-analysis
62
# levels of evidence
Level 2
- RCT
- experimental study
63
# levels of evidence
Level 3
quasi-experimental study
64
# levels of evidence
Level 4
- mixed-methods review
- qualitative meta-synthesis
65
# levels of evidence
Level 5
- descriptive correlational
- predictive correlational
- cohort studies
66
# levels of evidence
Level 6
- descriptive study
- qualitative study
67
# levels of evidence
Level 7
opinions of experts and authorities
68
how is the sampling frame formed?
by using the sampling criteria to define membership in the population
69
what is a sampling plan?
an outline of strategies used to obtain a sample for a study
70
nonprobability sampling is the *least likely* to produce ***generalizable findings***
true
71
example of inductive reasoning
a patient starts having dyspnea after administering narcotics –> narcotics cause respiratory depression
72
what are the types of probability sampling?
* simple random sampling
* stratified random sampling
* cluster sampling
* systematic sampling
73
what is simple random sampling?
- the most basic of the probability sampling plans
- achieved by randomly selecting *elements* from the sampling frame
74
how can *simple random sampling* be achieved?
by randomly selecting elements from the sampling frame
75
in what situation is *stratified random sampling* used?
when the researcher knows some of the variables in the population are important for representativeness
76
what are examples of variables used in stratification?
* diagnosis
* age
* gender
* race
* socioeconomic status
77
when is *cluster sampling* best used?
* it is necessary to obtain a geographically dispersed sample
* the researcher cannot identify the individual elements (unable to develop a sampling frame)
78
what does *cluster sampling* entail?
a list of all states, cities, institutions, or clinicians that elements of the identified population can be linked with
79
what does *systematic sampling* entail?
an ordered list of all members of the population is available
80
what is the process involved with *systematic sampling*?
selecting every nth individual on the list, with a starting point randomly selected
81
what does it mean if the starting point is not random?
the sample is a nonprobability or nonrandom sample
82
what does *nonprobability sampling *entail?
not every element of a population has an opportunity to be selected for a study sample *(least likely to be generalized)*
83
what are the types of *nonprobability sampling*?
* convenience sampling
* quota sampling
* purposive sampling
* network sampling
* theoretical sampling
84
what can *convenience sampling* provide in research?
a means to conduct studies on *nursing interventions* when researchers cannot use probability sampling methods
85
what does *convenience sampling* entail?
- provides little opportunity to control biases
- opportunistic in selecting participants for a study
| accidental sampling
86
what does *quota sampling* entail?
ensures the inclusion of participant types likely to be underrepresented in the convenience sample
87
what does *purposeful sampling* entail?
researcher consciously selects their sample to include in the study
88
what does *network sampling* entail?
locating participants for a study is difficult & thus takes advantage of social networks
89
what is *network sampling* most useful for?
finding participants from socially devalued populations
90
what is *theoretical sampling* used for?
developing a selected theory or model
91
what are the characteristics of the data that theoretical sampling needs?
* generates
* delimits
* saturates
| theoretical codes in the study are needed for theory generation
92
how does *saturation* occur?
when additional sampling provides no new information
93
define *effect size*
the extent to which the null or statistical hypothesis is false
