Exam 2 - Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the stages in data analysis?

A
  1. prepare data for analysis
  2. describe the sample
  3. test reliability of measurement methods
  4. conduct exploratory analysis
  5. conduct confirmatory analysis
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2
Q

what does probability theory entail?

A
  • explains the extent of a relationship between variables
  • the probability that an event can be accurately predicted
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3
Q

decision theory is best used under which circumstance?

A

when testing for differences between groups of the same population

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4
Q

define normal curve

A

it is the theoretical frequency distribution of all possible values in a population

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5
Q

define level of statistical significance

A

the level at which the statistical results indicate a significant difference between groups

also called alpha or cutoff point

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6
Q

mode, mean, and median are equal in a normal distribution curve

A

true

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7
Q

what does the theory of normal curve state?

A

any data score will be within a certain range of a mean value

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8
Q

define inference

A

a conclusion or judgment made based on evidence

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9
Q

what is the two-tailed test of significance?

A

the analysis of a nondirectional hypothesis

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9
Q

what are the components of a one-tailed test of significance?

A
  • directional hypothesis
  • extreme statistical values in a single tail that occur are of interest
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10
Q

one-tailed tests are more powerful than two-tailed tests

A

true

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11
Q

what is a type I error?

A

null hypothesis is wrongfully rejected

similar to wrongful accusation

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12
Q

how does type I error occur?

A

results wrongfully indicate there is significant difference

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12
Q

reliability is a result of consistency

A

true

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13
Q

validity is a result of accuracy

A

true

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14
Q

data saturation is associated with qualitative studies

A

true

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15
Q

power analysis is associated with quantitative analysis

A

true

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16
Q

how does type II error occur?

A

the null hypothesis is regarded as true but is in fact false

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17
Q

what does power mean in research?

A

the probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference

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18
Q

what are the 4 parameters of a power analysis?

A
  1. power
  2. level of significance
  3. effect size
  4. sample size
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19
Q

define effect size

A
  • the degree to which the phenomenon is present in the population
  • the degree to which the null hypothesis is false
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20
Q

what are the types of statistics in research?

A
  • descriptive
  • inferential
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21
Q

what are descriptive statistics?

A

these are summary statistics that allow the researcher to organize data in ways that give meaning

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22
Q

what do inferential statistics entail?

A

addresses objectives, questions, and hypotheses to allow inference from the study sample to the target population

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23
what are the 3 things that inferential statistics assist in?
- identifying relationships - examining predictions - determining differences between groups in studies
24
what is another name for *descriptive statistics*?
summary statistics
25
analysis in simple descriptive studies is only limited to *descriptive statistics*
true
26
what are the measures of dispersion?
- range - variance - standard deviation - confidence interval - standardized scores - scatterplots
27
what are the types of *frequency distributions*?
- ungrouped - grouped - percentage
28
what does *frequency distribution* describe?
the occurrence of scores or categories in a study
29
what are the types of inferential statistics?
- Pearson Product-Moment Correlation - Factor Analysis - Regression Analysis - Chi-square - t-Test - Analysis of Variance
30
what does the *Pearson Product-Moment Correlation* test for?
the presence of a relationship between two variables
31
what are the results that *Pearson* present?
- nature of the relationship between two variables *(positive / negative)* - magnitude of the relationship *(-1 to +1)* - the significance of a correlation coefficient
32
what does the *r value* indicate?
the degree of relationship between the two variables
33
what is a significant characteristic of *PPMC*?
it is symmetrical
34
define *symmetrical*
the analysis does not identify a *direction* of the relationship
35
why is *regression analysis* used?
to predict the value of one variable based on the value of other variables
36
what is the variable that is predicted in a regression analysis?
dependent variable
37
*post-hoc analyses* are only conducted with how many groups in a study?
three groups are more
38
what does the *Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)* entail?
tests for differences between variance in 3 groups or more
39
why is *ANOVA* more flexible than other types of analysis?
it can examine data from 3 or more groups
40
what does *t-Test* entail?
testing for significant differences between *two samples only*
41
what is the most commonly used test of differences?
t-Test
42
*chi-square test* is best used for which type of data?
- nominal - ordinal
43
what does the *chi-square test* need in order to be effective?
expected and observed frequencies
44
what does the *chi-square test* determine?
whether two variables are independent or related
45
how can you decrease the risk of a type II error?
use large sample sizes
46
which types of measurement works well with *t-Test*?
- ratio - interval
47
what is the purpose of an analysis?
examine differences among the groups included in a study
48
which type of data is used for *ungrouped frequency distribution*?
discrete data
49
which type of data is used for *grouped frequency distribution*?
continuous data
50
examples of discrete data
- age - marital status - gender - ethnicity
51
examples of continuous data
- temperature - vital lung capacity - weight - scale - time
52
how is *range* obtained?
subtract the lowest score from the highest score
53
what does *variance* indicate?
the spread or dispersion of scores *(that are calculated in a study)*
54
what is *standard deviation*?
- the square root of the variance - the average difference value
55
what is *confidence interval*?
the probability of including the value of the population within an interval estimate
56
what does the *confidence interval* calculate?
upper and lower ends of an interval
57
what are *standardized scores*?
numbers that make sense only within the framework of measurements used within a specific study
58
what does a *z-score* express?
deviations from the mean in terms of standard deviation units
59
what does a *scatterplot* illustrate?
- the dispersion of variables - the relationship between values on different variables