Exam 2 - Chapter 11

Question 1

what are the stages in data analysis?

Answer 1

1. prepare data for analysis
2. describe the sample
3. test reliability of measurement methods
4. conduct exploratory analysis
5. conduct confirmatory analysis

Question 2

what does probability theory entail?

Answer 2

• explains the extent of a relationship between variables
• the probability that an event can be accurately predicted

Question 3

decision theory is best used under which circumstance?

Answer 3

when testing for differences between groups of the same population

Question 4

define normal curve

Answer 4

it is the theoretical frequency distribution of all possible values in a population

Question 5

define level of statistical significance

Answer 5

the level at which the statistical results indicate a significant difference between groups

also called alpha or cutoff point

Question 6

mode, mean, and median are equal in a normal distribution curve

Answer 6

true

Question 7

what does the theory of normal curve state?

Answer 7

any data score will be within a certain range of a mean value

Question 8

define inference

Answer 8

a conclusion or judgment made based on evidence

Question 9

what is the two-tailed test of significance?

Answer 9

the analysis of a nondirectional hypothesis

Question 9

what are the components of a one-tailed test of significance?

Answer 9

• directional hypothesis
• extreme statistical values in a single tail that occur are of interest

Question 10

one-tailed tests are more powerful than two-tailed tests

Answer 10

true

Question 11

what is a type I error?

Answer 11

null hypothesis is wrongfully rejected

similar to wrongful accusation

Question 12

how does type I error occur?

Answer 12

results wrongfully indicate there is significant difference

Question 12

reliability is a result of consistency

Answer 12

true

Question 13

validity is a result of accuracy

Answer 13

true

Question 14

data saturation is associated with qualitative studies

Answer 14

true

Question 15

power analysis is associated with quantitative analysis

Answer 15

true

Question 16

how does type II error occur?

Answer 16

the null hypothesis is regarded as true but is in fact false

Question 17

what does power mean in research?

Answer 17

the probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference

Question 18

what are the 4 parameters of a power analysis?

Answer 18

1. power
2. level of significance
3. effect size
4. sample size

Question 19

define effect size

Answer 19

• the degree to which the phenomenon is present in the population
• the degree to which the null hypothesis is false

Question 20

what are the types of statistics in research?

Answer 20

• descriptive
• inferential

Question 21

what are descriptive statistics?

Answer 21

these are summary statistics that allow the researcher to organize data in ways that give meaning

Question 22

what do inferential statistics entail?

Answer 22

addresses objectives, questions, and hypotheses to allow inference from the study sample to the target population

Question 23

what are the 3 things that inferential statistics assist in?

Answer 23

- identifying relationships - examining predictions - determining differences between groups in studies

Question 24

what is another name for *descriptive statistics*?

Answer 24

summary statistics

Question 25

analysis in simple descriptive studies is only limited to *descriptive statistics*

Answer 25

true

Question 26

what are the measures of dispersion?

Answer 26

- range - variance - standard deviation - confidence interval - standardized scores - scatterplots

Question 27

what are the types of *frequency distributions*?

Answer 27

- ungrouped - grouped - percentage

Question 28

what does *frequency distribution* describe?

Answer 28

the occurrence of scores or categories in a study

Question 29

what are the types of inferential statistics?

Answer 29

- Pearson Product-Moment Correlation - Factor Analysis - Regression Analysis - Chi-square - t-Test - Analysis of Variance

Question 30

what does the *Pearson Product-Moment Correlation* test for?

Answer 30

the presence of a relationship between two variables

Question 31

what are the results that *Pearson* present?

Answer 31

- nature of the relationship between two variables *(positive / negative)* - magnitude of the relationship *(-1 to +1)* - the significance of a correlation coefficient

Question 32

what does the *r value* indicate?

Answer 32

the degree of relationship between the two variables

Question 33

what is a significant characteristic of *PPMC*?

Answer 33

it is symmetrical

Question 34

define *symmetrical*

Answer 34

the analysis does not identify a *direction* of the relationship

Question 35

why is *regression analysis* used?

Answer 35

to predict the value of one variable based on the value of other variables

Question 36

what is the variable that is predicted in a regression analysis?

Answer 36

dependent variable

Question 37

*post-hoc analyses* are only conducted with how many groups in a study?

Answer 37

three groups are more

Question 38

what does the *Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)* entail?

Answer 38

tests for differences between variance in 3 groups or more

Question 39

why is *ANOVA* more flexible than other types of analysis?

Answer 39

it can examine data from 3 or more groups

Question 40

what does *t-Test* entail?

Answer 40

testing for significant differences between *two samples only*

Question 41

what is the most commonly used test of differences?

Answer 41

t-Test

Question 42

*chi-square test* is best used for which type of data?

Answer 42

- nominal - ordinal

Question 43

what does the *chi-square test* need in order to be effective?

Answer 43

expected and observed frequencies

Question 44

what does the *chi-square test* determine?

Answer 44

whether two variables are independent or related

Question 45

how can you decrease the risk of a type II error?

Answer 45

use large sample sizes

Question 46

which types of measurement works well with *t-Test*?

Answer 46

- ratio - interval

Question 47

what is the purpose of an analysis?

Answer 47

examine differences among the groups included in a study

Question 48

which type of data is used for *ungrouped frequency distribution*?

Answer 48

discrete data

Question 49

which type of data is used for *grouped frequency distribution*?

Answer 49

continuous data

Question 50

examples of discrete data

Answer 50

- age - marital status - gender - ethnicity

Question 51

examples of continuous data

Answer 51

- temperature - vital lung capacity - weight - scale - time

Question 52

how is *range* obtained?

Answer 52

subtract the lowest score from the highest score

Question 53

what does *variance* indicate?

Answer 53

the spread or dispersion of scores *(that are calculated in a study)*

Question 54

what is *standard deviation*?

Answer 54

- the square root of the variance - the average difference value

Question 55

what is *confidence interval*?

Answer 55

the probability of including the value of the population within an interval estimate

Question 56

what does the *confidence interval* calculate?

Answer 56

upper and lower ends of an interval

Question 57

what are *standardized scores*?

Answer 57

numbers that make sense only within the framework of measurements used within a specific study

Question 58

what does a *z-score* express?

Answer 58

deviations from the mean in terms of standard deviation units

Question 59

what does a *scatterplot* illustrate?

Answer 59

- the dispersion of variables - the relationship between values on different variables