Exam 2 - Chapter 9

Question 1

what is a sample?

Answer 1

the people / elements that researchers collect data from

Question 2

define population

Answer 2

a particular group of individuals or elements that are the focus of the research

Question 3

what are the components of a population?

Answer 3

• target population
• accessible population
• sample
• element

Question 4

what is target population?

Answer 4

an entire set of individuals or elements who meet the sampling criteria

Question 5

what is accessible population?

Answer 5

a portion of the target population to which the researcher has access

Question 6

what is an element?

Answer 6

individual units of the population and sample

Question 7

what is sampling?

Answer 7

a subset of a population selected to represent the whole population

Question 8

what does a sampling plan / method define?

Answer 8

the selection process which researchers use to choose the subjects or participants

Question 9

define generalization

Answer 9

the act of extending the findings from the sample study to the larger population

Question 10

what are the qualities that influence the extent of generalization?

Answer 10

• quality of the study
• consistency of findings

Question 11

define inclusion criteria

Answer 11

characteristics that subjects must have to be part of the target population

Question 12

define exclusion criteria

Answer 12

characteristics a person or an element has that causes them to be excluded from the study

Question 13

what are the types of samples?

Answer 13

• homogenous
• heterogeneous

Question 14

homogenous sampling is narrowly defined

Answer 14

true

Question 15

what does homogenous sampling limit?

Answer 15

generalization of findings

Question 16

what does heterogenous sampling allow researchers to have?

Answer 16

a broad range of values being studied

Question 17

what does heterogenous sampling entail?

Answer 17

• increased representativeness of the sample
• ability to generalize

Question 18

define representativeness

Answer 18

the sample, access population, and target population are all alike in many ways

Question 19

what is a representative sample?

Answer 19

a sample that has members who have characteristics similar to those of the population from which it was drawn

Question 20

what is a sampling error?

Answer 20

the difference between population mean and sample mean

Question 21

how does random variation occur?

Answer 21

it happens by chance

different values were drawn from the same sample

Question 22

how does systematic variation occur?

Answer 22

occurs deliberately by careful selection of subjects whose values differ specifically from the population

Question 23

systematic variation is a result of bias

Answer 23

true

Question 24

define refusal rate

Answer 24

the percentage of subjects who declined to participate in the study

Question 25

define *acceptance rate*

Answer 25

the percentage of subjects who **consented** to participate

Question 26

what is a *sample attrition*?

Answer 26

the withdrawal or loss of subjects from a study

Question 27

high attrition rates results to an invalid study

Answer 27

true

Question 28

what is a *sample retention*?

Answer 28

the number of subjects who remain in and complete a study

Question 29

what is a *sampling frame*?

Answer 29

a listing of every member of the population

Question 30

how is the *sampling frame* formed?

Answer 30

by using the sampling criteria to *define membership* in the population

Question 31

what is a *sampling plan*?

Answer 31

an outline of strategies used to obtain a sample for a study

Question 32

what are the types of sampling plans?

Answer 32

- probability - nonprobability

Question 33

what does *probability sampling* entail?

Answer 33

each person or element in a population has an opportunity to be selected for a sample

Question 34

how can probability sample be achieved?

Answer 34

through random selection

Question 35

the opportunity for systematic bias is less when participants are selected randomly

Answer 35

true

Question 36

what are the types of probability sampling?

Answer 36

- simple random sampling - stratified random sampling - cluster sampling - systematic sampling

Question 37

what is *simple random sampling*?

Answer 37

the most basic of the probability sampling plans

Question 38

how can *simple random sampling* be achieved?

Answer 38

by randomly selecting elements from the sampling frame

Question 39

in what situation is *stratified random sampling* used?

Answer 39

when the researcher knows some of the variables in the population are important for representativeness

Question 40

what are examples of variables used in stratification?

Answer 40

- diagnosis - age - gender - race - socioeconomic status

Question 41

when is *cluster sampling* best used?

Answer 41

- it is necessary to obtain a geographically dispersed sample - the researcher cannot identify the individual elements *(unable to develop a sampling frame)*

Question 42

what does *cluster sampling* entail?

Answer 42

a list of all states, cities, institutions, or clinicians that elements of the identified population can be linked with

Question 43

what does *systematic sampling* entail?

Answer 43

an ordered list of all members of the population is available

Question 44

what is the process involved with *systematic sampling*?

Answer 44

selecting every *k*th individual on the list, with a starting point randomly selected

Question 45

what does it mean if the starting point is not random?

Answer 45

the sample is a nonprobability or nonrandom sample

Question 46

what does *nonprobability sampling* entail?

Answer 46

not every element of a population has an opportunity to be selected for a study sample *(least likely to be generalized)*

Question 47

why is *nonprobability sampling* most commonly used in nursing research?

Answer 47

this type of sampling reduces representativeness of a target population *(there are a limited number of patients available for research)*

Question 48

what are the types of *nonprobability sampling*?

Answer 48

- convenience sampling - quota sampling - purposive sampling - network sampling - theoretical sampling

Question 49

what does *convenience sampling* entail?

Answer 49

- provides little opportunity to control biases - opportunistic in selecting participants for a study | accidental sampling

Question 50

what are characteristics of *convenience sampling*?

Answer 50

- inexpensive - accessible - less time-consuming

Question 51

what can *convenience sampling* provide in research?

Answer 51

a means to conduct studies on *nursing interventions* when researchers cannot use probability sampling methods

Question 52

what does *quota sampling* entail?

Answer 52

ensures the inclusion of participant types likely to be underrepresented in the convenience sample

Question 53

what does *purposeful sampling* entail?

Answer 53

researcher consciously selects their sample to include in the study

Question 54

what does *network sampling* entail?

Answer 54

locating participants for a study is difficult & thus takes advantage of social networks

Question 55

what is *network sampling* most useful for?

Answer 55

findings participants from socially devalued populations

Question 56

what is *theoretical sampling* used for?

Answer 56

developing a selected theory or model

Question 57

what are the characteristics of the data that *theoretical sampling* needs?

Answer 57

- generates - delimits - saturates theoretical codes in the study needed for theory generation

Question 58

how does *saturation* occur?

Answer 58

when additional sampling provides no new information

Question 59

define *effect size*

Answer 59

the extent to which the null or statistical hypothesis is false