final Flashcards
1
Q
the brain and spinal cord make up the __
A
central nervous system
2
Q
nerves that branch form the cns are called
A
peripheral nervous system
3
Q
__ protect the brain and spinal cord
A
meninges
4
Q
subarachnoid space contains __ fluid
A
cerebrospinal
5
Q
inflammation of the meninges is called
A
meningitis
6
Q
inflammation if the brain is called
A
encephalitis
7
Q
inflammation of both the meninges and brain is called
A
meningoencephalitis
8
Q
neisseria meningitis affects which system
A
nervous
9
Q
beginning symptoms of neisseria meningitidis meningitis (meningococcal meningitis)
A
throat infection, rash, bacteremia
10
Q
__ nervous system : brain and spinal cord
A
central
11
Q
what is the peripheral nervous system
A
nerves that branch from the CNS
12
Q
what do meninges do
A
protect spinal cord
13
Q
inflammation of the meninges is called
A
meningitis
14
Q
inflamation of the brain is called
A
encephalitis
15
Q
what is meningoencephalitis
A
inflammation of meninges and brain
16
Q
cause of botulism
A
clostridium botulinum
17
Q
botulism affects which system
A
nervous
18
Q
transmission of botulism
A
ingestion of botulinal exotoxin
19
Q
symptoms of neisseria meningitis
A
throat infection, rash, bacteremia
20
Q
botulism can cause death from __
A
respiratory or cardiac failure
21
Q
infant botulism
A
c. botulism growth in baby’s intestines due to lack of intestinal bacteria
22
Q
wound botulism
A
c botulism growth in wounds
23
Q
tetanus cause
A
clostridium tetani
24
Q
tetanus affects the __ nervous system
A
central
25
tetanus can cause death from
spasms of respiratory muscles
26
tetanospasmin neurotoxin is released from
dead cells
27
leprosy cause
mycobacterium leprae
28
leprosy affects which system
nervous
29
mycobacterium leprae grows in
nerves and skin cells
30
leprosy transmission
prolonged contact with infected person or inhalation of secretions
31
2 types of leprosy
tuberculoid (neutral) - loss of sensation in skin
| lepromatous (progressive) - disfiguring nodules over the body
32
amebic meningoencephalitis affects which system
nervous
33
amebic meningoencephalitis cause
naegleria flowleri
34
amebic meningoencephalitis fatality rate
100%
35
rabies affects which system
nervous
36
rabies cause
genus lyssavirus
37
rabies transmission
saliva of animal bite
38
rabies symptoms
muscle spasms of the mouth and pharynx
39
two types of rabies
furious (classical) - animals are restless, highly excitable
| paralytic (dumb or numb) - animals seem unaware of their surroundings, minimally excitable
40
TSE affects which system
nervous
41
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and sheep scrapie (TSE in sheep) are caused by
prions
42
__ system : heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
cardiovascular
43
the __ system delivers and removes substances to and from the cells
cardiovascular
44
in the __ system, plasma leaves blood capillaries to become interstital fluid
lymphatic
45
lymph capillaries transport interstital fluid to __ and __
lymph vessels and lymph nodes
46
puerperal sepsis cause
strep pyogenes
47
puerperal sepsis affects the __ system
cardiovascular and lymphatic
48
puerperal sepsis transmission
childbirth
49
rheumatic fever affects which system
cardiovascualar and lymphatic
50
rhematic fever cause
s pyogenes
51
rheumatic fever
inflammation of heart valves
52
rheumatic fever has an immune reaction against
streptococcal m protein
53
rheumatic fever symptoms
subcutaneous nodules at the joints
54
outbreaks common in dorms and military barracks
neisseria meningitis
55
associated with honey
infant botulism
56
mycobacterium leprae generation time
12 days
57
mycobacterium survives macrophages and invades the
myelin sheath
58
amebic meninoegencephalitis
protozoan infects the nasal mucosa from swimming water, penetrates the brain, feeds on brain tissues
59
rabies has __ dna
single stranded
60
rabies can cross __ membranes
mucous
61
rabies incubation time
30-50 days
62
how does rabies cause encephalitis
multiplies in the skeletal muscles, travels through the pns to the brain cells
63
rabies forms __ in the brain stem
negri bodies
64
__ causes an antibody cross reaction
rheumatic fever
65
gangrene affects which system
cardiovascular and lymphatic
66
gangrene
death of soft tissue
67
gangrene cause
clostridium perfingens
68
clostridium perfringens (gangrene) grows where
necrotic tissue
69
clostridium perfringens (gangrene) produces __ that move along the muscle bundles
toxins
70
cat scratch disease cause
bartonella henselae
71
cat scratch disease affects which system
cardiovascular and lymphatic
72
bartonella henselae inhabits cat's rbc and carried in __% of cats
50
73
bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease) multiplies where
fleas digestive system
74
cat scratch disease symptoms
forms papule at infection site and swollen lymph nodes
75
plague cause
yersinia pestis
76
plague transmission
rat flea
77
plague
yersinia pestis blocks the rat flea's digestive tract. flea bites the host and ingested blood is regurgitated into the host
78
plague affects which system
cardiovascular and lymphatic
79
plague symptoms
intense swellings called buboes
80
3 types of plague
bubonic- bacteria in blood and lungs, 50-75% mortality rate
septicemic - septic shock due to bacteria in blood
pneumonic - bacteria in lungs, spread by droplets, 100% mortality rate
81
typhus affects which system
cardiovascular and lymphatic
82
typhus cause
rickettsia spp
83
rickettsia spp (typhus) infects the __ cells of the vascular system
endothelial
84
rickettsia spp (typhus) block and rupture the
small blood vessels
85
typhus transmission
arthropod vectors
86
rocky mountain spotted fever is a type of
typhus
87
rocky mountain spotted fever cause
rickettsia rickettsii
88
rocky mountain spotted fever symptoms
measles-like rash on palms and soles
89
rocky mountain spotted fever transmission
wood ticks and dog ticks
90
dengue affects which system
cardiovascular and lymphatic
91
dengue cause
a aegypti
92
__ is endemic to the caribbean and tropical environments
dengue
93
2 types of dengue
dengue - asymptomatic / mild
| severe dengue - severe bleeding and organ impairment
94
toxoplasmosis cause
toxoplasma gondii
95
toxoplasmosis affects which system
cardiovascular/lymphatic
96
toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) undergoes its sexual phase where
cat intestsines
97
toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) sheds __ in cat feces
oocytes
98
toxoplasmosis
contact with cat feces introduces oocytes to the intestines. oocytes form trophozoites that invade cells, may become chronic infection
99
primary danger of toxoplasmosis
congenital infection; stillbirth, neurological damage
100
malaria affects which system
cardiovascular/lymphatic
101
malaria cause
plasmodium parasites
102
malaria transmission
anopheles mosquitoes
103
2 types of malaria
plasmodium vivax - mildest and most prevalent, dormant in the liver
plasmodium falciparum - most deadly, severe anemia; blocks capillaries, affects the kidney, liver, brain
104
malaria life cycle
mosquito bite transmits sporozoite into the bloodstream
enter the liver cells which undergo schizogony resulting in the release of merozoites into the bloodstream
merozoites infect rbc's and undergo schizogony
ruptures the infected rbc releasing toxic compounds
some merozoites develop into gametocytes and are taken up by mosquito
105
upper respiratory system
nose, pharynx, middle ear, eustachian tubes, saliva, tears
106
lower respiratory system
larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, alveoli. ciliary escalator, alveolar macrophages, respiratory mucus
107
streptococcal pharyngitis affects which system
respiratory
108
streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) cause
strep pyogenes
109
strep pyogenes is __ to phagocytosis
resistant
110
streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) symptoms
local inflammation, fever, tonsillitis, enlarged lymph nodes
111
scarlet fever is a development of __
streptoccocal pharyngitis (strep throat)
112
scarlet fever
enthrogenic toxin produced by lysogenized s pyogenes
113
diphtheria affects the __ system
respiratory
114
diphtheria cause
corynebacterium diphtheriae
115
diphtheria symptoms
forms a grayish membrane in the throat, blocks passage of air to the lungs, exotoxin circulates in the blood, damages heart and kidneys
116
common cold cause
over 200 different viruses
117
rhinoviruses thrive in __ temperature
low
118
common cold symptoms
sneezing, nasal secretion, congestion, can lead to laryngitis and otitis media, not accompanied by fever
119
pertussis affects which system
respiratory
120
pertussis (whooping cough) cause
bordetella pertussis
121
bordetella pertussis
produces a capsule that allows attachment to ciliated cells in the trachea
122
tracheal cytotoxin of cell wall damages __ cells
cilliated
123
3 stages of whooping cough
catarrhal stage - common cold
paroxysmal stage - violent coughing, gasping for air
convalescence stage - may last for months
124
tuberculosis cause
mycobacterium tuberculosis
125
tuberculosis generation time
20 hours
126
mycobacterium tuperculosis lipids in the cell wall make it resistant to __ and __
drying an d antimicrobials
127
pathogenesis of tuberculosis
inhaled organisms are phagocytized by alveolar macrophages
myolic acids stimulate inflammatory response
organisms are isolated in walled-off tubercle
tubercles heal and become calcifies, tubercle bacilli remain dormant
tubercle breaks down releasing bacteria into lungs and cardiovascular/lymphatic system
128
pneumococcal pneumonia cause
s pneumoniae
129
pneumococcal pneumonia virulence factors
capsule - evade phagocytosis
pneumolysin o - pore formation on host cell
pro-inflammatory cytokine production
130
psittacosis (ornithosos) affects which system
respiratory
131
psittacosis (ornithosos) transmission
elementary bodies from bird droppings transmitted through air
132
psittacosis (ornithosis) symptoms
fever, headache, chills, disorientation
133
influenza symptoms
chills, fever, headache, muscle aches
134
influenza contains _ rna segments and an outer lipid bilayer
8
135
influenza 2 types of spikes
hemagglutinin - recognize and attach to host cells
| neuraminidase - separate from infected cell
136
antigenic drift vs antigenic shift
drift - minor changes in ha and na
| shift - changes great enough to evade most immunity
137
____ occurs as a complication of influenza, measles, or chickenpox
viral pneumonia
138
histoplasmosis affects which system
respiratory
139
histoplasmosis cause
histoplasma capsulatum
140
__ grows fungus
histoplasma capsulatum
141
histoplasma capsulatum transmission
airborne conidia in areas with bird or bat dropping
142
pneumocystis pneumonia cause
pneumocystis jirovecii
143
pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) symptoms
asymptomatic in the immunocompetent
causes pneumonia in immunocompromised
primary indicator of aids
144
urinary system
two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
145
female reproductive system
two ovaries, two uterine (fallopian) tubes, vagina, uterus, cervix, vulva
146
male reproductive system
two testes, ducts (eprididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra) accessory glands, penis
147
cystitis affects the __ system
urinary
148
cystitis cause
e coli, staph saprophyticus
149
cystitis symptoms
dysuria (difficult or painful urination), pyuria, hematuria
150
cystitis is more common in __ than __
8x more common is women than men
151
pyelonephritis affects the __ system
urinary
152
pyelonephritis cause
e coli
153
pyelonephritis symptoms
fever and back pain, bacteremia, scar tissue in kidneys
154
sti symptoms
often asymptomatic
155
how many annual US cases of STIs
20 million
156
gonorrhea cause
neisseria gonorrhoeae
157
gonorrhea invades the spaces between the __ cells
epithelial
158
gonorrhea symptoms
inflammation, pus
159
gonorrhea virulence factors
adherence - fimbrae, pili, opa
toxins - damage cilated cells
IgA protease
160
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) cause
n. gonorrheae, c. trachomatis
161
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) symptoms
chronic abdominal pain, infection of uterine tubes (salpingitis), scarring can cause infertility or ectopic pregnancy
162
lymphogranuloma venereum (LVG) cause
chlamidae trachomatis
163
lymphogranuloma venereum (LVG) symptoms
lymph nodes become enlarged, discharge of pus, scarring
164
syphilis cause
treponema pallidum
165
lymphogranuloma venereum (LVG) affects which system
urinary
166
syphilis affects which system
urinary
167
syphilis induces an __ response
inflammatory
168
syphilis invades the mucosa or through skin breaks and enters the __
bloodstream
169
syphilis 5 stages
primary - chancre at the site of infection about 3 weeks after exposure, painless and highly infectious, disappears after 2 weeks
secondary - skin and muscle rashes, especially on palms and soles, fever, malaise, swollen lymph nodes
latent period - no symptoms
tertiary -
gummatous syphilis: gumma on many organs
cardiovascular syphilis: weakens the aorta
neurosyphilis: affects the cns; dementia
congenital - neurological damage to the fetus
170
genital herpes cause
herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
171
herpes symptoms
painful vesicles on genitals, painful urination. heals within 2 weeks
172
genital herpes virulence factors
infected cell protein (ICP) - inhibit dendritic cell maturation
173
bacterial vaginosis cause
gardnerella vaginalis
174
vaginitis vs vaginosis
vaginitis - inflammation of vagina due to infection
| vaginosis - no inflammation
175
bacterial vaginosis virulence factors
adheres to vaginal epithelial cells
| production of biofilm, cytotoxin kills epithelial cells and rbc
176
candidiasis affects which system
urinary
177
candidiasis cause
albicans
178
cangigiasis grows on the __ of the genitourinary tract
mucosa
179
candidiasis is due to opportunistic overgrowth caused by
antibiotic use, diabetes, hormones
180
candidiasis symptoms
yeasty, thick, yellow discharge
181
trichomoniasis affects which system
urinary
182
trichomoniasis cause
trichomonas vaginalis
183
trichomonas vaginalis is a __ inhabitant of the vagina and urethra
normal
184
trichomonas vaginalis grows when
normal acidity of the vagina is disturbed
185
trichomoniasis symptoms
irritation and profuse, frothy, greenish yellow, foul odor discharge
