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Micro020 > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

the brain and spinal cord make up the __

A

central nervous system

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2
Q

nerves that branch form the cns are called

A

peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

__ protect the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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4
Q

subarachnoid space contains __ fluid

A

cerebrospinal

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5
Q

inflammation of the meninges is called

A

meningitis

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6
Q

inflammation if the brain is called

A

encephalitis

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7
Q

inflammation of both the meninges and brain is called

A

meningoencephalitis

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8
Q

neisseria meningitis affects which system

A

nervous

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9
Q

beginning symptoms of neisseria meningitidis meningitis (meningococcal meningitis)

A

throat infection, rash, bacteremia

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10
Q

__ nervous system : brain and spinal cord

A

central

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11
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that branch from the CNS

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12
Q

what do meninges do

A

protect spinal cord

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13
Q

inflammation of the meninges is called

A

meningitis

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14
Q

inflamation of the brain is called

A

encephalitis

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15
Q

what is meningoencephalitis

A

inflammation of meninges and brain

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16
Q

cause of botulism

A

clostridium botulinum

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17
Q

botulism affects which system

A

nervous

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18
Q

transmission of botulism

A

ingestion of botulinal exotoxin

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19
Q

symptoms of neisseria meningitis

A

throat infection, rash, bacteremia

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20
Q

botulism can cause death from __

A

respiratory or cardiac failure

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21
Q

infant botulism

A

c. botulism growth in baby’s intestines due to lack of intestinal bacteria

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22
Q

wound botulism

A

c botulism growth in wounds

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23
Q

tetanus cause

A

clostridium tetani

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24
Q

tetanus affects the __ nervous system

A

central

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25
Q

tetanus can cause death from

A

spasms of respiratory muscles

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26
Q

tetanospasmin neurotoxin is released from

A

dead cells

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27
Q

leprosy cause

A

mycobacterium leprae

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28
Q

leprosy affects which system

A

nervous

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29
Q

mycobacterium leprae grows in

A

nerves and skin cells

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30
Q

leprosy transmission

A

prolonged contact with infected person or inhalation of secretions

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31
Q

2 types of leprosy

A

tuberculoid (neutral) - loss of sensation in skin

lepromatous (progressive) - disfiguring nodules over the body

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32
Q

amebic meningoencephalitis affects which system

A

nervous

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33
Q

amebic meningoencephalitis cause

A

naegleria flowleri

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34
Q

amebic meningoencephalitis fatality rate

A

100%

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35
Q

rabies affects which system

A

nervous

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36
Q

rabies cause

A

genus lyssavirus

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37
Q

rabies transmission

A

saliva of animal bite

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38
Q

rabies symptoms

A

muscle spasms of the mouth and pharynx

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39
Q

two types of rabies

A

furious (classical) - animals are restless, highly excitable

paralytic (dumb or numb) - animals seem unaware of their surroundings, minimally excitable

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40
Q

TSE affects which system

A

nervous

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41
Q

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and sheep scrapie (TSE in sheep) are caused by

A

prions

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42
Q

__ system : heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries

A

cardiovascular

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43
Q

the __ system delivers and removes substances to and from the cells

A

cardiovascular

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44
Q

in the __ system, plasma leaves blood capillaries to become interstital fluid

A

lymphatic

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45
Q

lymph capillaries transport interstital fluid to __ and __

A

lymph vessels and lymph nodes

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46
Q

puerperal sepsis cause

A

strep pyogenes

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47
Q

puerperal sepsis affects the __ system

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

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48
Q

puerperal sepsis transmission

A

childbirth

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49
Q

rheumatic fever affects which system

A

cardiovascualar and lymphatic

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50
Q

rhematic fever cause

A

s pyogenes

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51
Q

rheumatic fever

A

inflammation of heart valves

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52
Q

rheumatic fever has an immune reaction against

A

streptococcal m protein

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53
Q

rheumatic fever symptoms

A

subcutaneous nodules at the joints

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54
Q

outbreaks common in dorms and military barracks

A

neisseria meningitis

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55
Q

associated with honey

A

infant botulism

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56
Q

mycobacterium leprae generation time

A

12 days

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57
Q

mycobacterium survives macrophages and invades the

A

myelin sheath

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58
Q

amebic meninoegencephalitis

A

protozoan infects the nasal mucosa from swimming water, penetrates the brain, feeds on brain tissues

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59
Q

rabies has __ dna

A

single stranded

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60
Q

rabies can cross __ membranes

A

mucous

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61
Q

rabies incubation time

A

30-50 days

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62
Q

how does rabies cause encephalitis

A

multiplies in the skeletal muscles, travels through the pns to the brain cells

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63
Q

rabies forms __ in the brain stem

A

negri bodies

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64
Q

__ causes an antibody cross reaction

A

rheumatic fever

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65
Q

gangrene affects which system

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

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66
Q

gangrene

A

death of soft tissue

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67
Q

gangrene cause

A

clostridium perfingens

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68
Q

clostridium perfringens (gangrene) grows where

A

necrotic tissue

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69
Q

clostridium perfringens (gangrene) produces __ that move along the muscle bundles

A

toxins

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70
Q

cat scratch disease cause

A

bartonella henselae

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71
Q

cat scratch disease affects which system

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

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72
Q

bartonella henselae inhabits cat’s rbc and carried in __% of cats

A

50

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73
Q

bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease) multiplies where

A

fleas digestive system

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74
Q

cat scratch disease symptoms

A

forms papule at infection site and swollen lymph nodes

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75
Q

plague cause

A

yersinia pestis

76
Q

plague transmission

A

rat flea

77
Q

plague

A

yersinia pestis blocks the rat flea’s digestive tract. flea bites the host and ingested blood is regurgitated into the host

78
Q

plague affects which system

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

79
Q

plague symptoms

A

intense swellings called buboes

80
Q

3 types of plague

A

bubonic- bacteria in blood and lungs, 50-75% mortality rate
septicemic - septic shock due to bacteria in blood
pneumonic - bacteria in lungs, spread by droplets, 100% mortality rate

81
Q

typhus affects which system

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

82
Q

typhus cause

A

rickettsia spp

83
Q

rickettsia spp (typhus) infects the __ cells of the vascular system

A

endothelial

84
Q

rickettsia spp (typhus) block and rupture the

A

small blood vessels

85
Q

typhus transmission

A

arthropod vectors

86
Q

rocky mountain spotted fever is a type of

A

typhus

87
Q

rocky mountain spotted fever cause

A

rickettsia rickettsii

88
Q

rocky mountain spotted fever symptoms

A

measles-like rash on palms and soles

89
Q

rocky mountain spotted fever transmission

A

wood ticks and dog ticks

90
Q

dengue affects which system

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

91
Q

dengue cause

A

a aegypti

92
Q

__ is endemic to the caribbean and tropical environments

A

dengue

93
Q

2 types of dengue

A

dengue - asymptomatic / mild

severe dengue - severe bleeding and organ impairment

94
Q

toxoplasmosis cause

A

toxoplasma gondii

95
Q

toxoplasmosis affects which system

A

cardiovascular/lymphatic

96
Q

toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) undergoes its sexual phase where

A

cat intestsines

97
Q

toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) sheds __ in cat feces

A

oocytes

98
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

contact with cat feces introduces oocytes to the intestines. oocytes form trophozoites that invade cells, may become chronic infection

99
Q

primary danger of toxoplasmosis

A

congenital infection; stillbirth, neurological damage

100
Q

malaria affects which system

A

cardiovascular/lymphatic

101
Q

malaria cause

A

plasmodium parasites

102
Q

malaria transmission

A

anopheles mosquitoes

103
Q

2 types of malaria

A

plasmodium vivax - mildest and most prevalent, dormant in the liver
plasmodium falciparum - most deadly, severe anemia; blocks capillaries, affects the kidney, liver, brain

104
Q

malaria life cycle

A

mosquito bite transmits sporozoite into the bloodstream
enter the liver cells which undergo schizogony resulting in the release of merozoites into the bloodstream
merozoites infect rbc’s and undergo schizogony
ruptures the infected rbc releasing toxic compounds
some merozoites develop into gametocytes and are taken up by mosquito

105
Q

upper respiratory system

A

nose, pharynx, middle ear, eustachian tubes, saliva, tears

106
Q

lower respiratory system

A

larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, alveoli. ciliary escalator, alveolar macrophages, respiratory mucus

107
Q

streptococcal pharyngitis affects which system

A

respiratory

108
Q

streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) cause

A

strep pyogenes

109
Q

strep pyogenes is __ to phagocytosis

A

resistant

110
Q

streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) symptoms

A

local inflammation, fever, tonsillitis, enlarged lymph nodes

111
Q

scarlet fever is a development of __

A

streptoccocal pharyngitis (strep throat)

112
Q

scarlet fever

A

enthrogenic toxin produced by lysogenized s pyogenes

113
Q

diphtheria affects the __ system

A

respiratory

114
Q

diphtheria cause

A

corynebacterium diphtheriae

115
Q

diphtheria symptoms

A

forms a grayish membrane in the throat, blocks passage of air to the lungs, exotoxin circulates in the blood, damages heart and kidneys

116
Q

common cold cause

A

over 200 different viruses

117
Q

rhinoviruses thrive in __ temperature

A

low

118
Q

common cold symptoms

A

sneezing, nasal secretion, congestion, can lead to laryngitis and otitis media, not accompanied by fever

119
Q

pertussis affects which system

A

respiratory

120
Q

pertussis (whooping cough) cause

A

bordetella pertussis

121
Q

bordetella pertussis

A

produces a capsule that allows attachment to ciliated cells in the trachea

122
Q

tracheal cytotoxin of cell wall damages __ cells

A

cilliated

123
Q

3 stages of whooping cough

A

catarrhal stage - common cold
paroxysmal stage - violent coughing, gasping for air
convalescence stage - may last for months

124
Q

tuberculosis cause

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

125
Q

tuberculosis generation time

A

20 hours

126
Q

mycobacterium tuperculosis lipids in the cell wall make it resistant to __ and __

A

drying an d antimicrobials

127
Q

pathogenesis of tuberculosis

A

inhaled organisms are phagocytized by alveolar macrophages
myolic acids stimulate inflammatory response
organisms are isolated in walled-off tubercle
tubercles heal and become calcifies, tubercle bacilli remain dormant
tubercle breaks down releasing bacteria into lungs and cardiovascular/lymphatic system

128
Q

pneumococcal pneumonia cause

A

s pneumoniae

129
Q

pneumococcal pneumonia virulence factors

A

capsule - evade phagocytosis
pneumolysin o - pore formation on host cell
pro-inflammatory cytokine production

130
Q

psittacosis (ornithosos) affects which system

A

respiratory

131
Q

psittacosis (ornithosos) transmission

A

elementary bodies from bird droppings transmitted through air

132
Q

psittacosis (ornithosis) symptoms

A

fever, headache, chills, disorientation

133
Q

influenza symptoms

A

chills, fever, headache, muscle aches

134
Q

influenza contains _ rna segments and an outer lipid bilayer

A

8

135
Q

influenza 2 types of spikes

A

hemagglutinin - recognize and attach to host cells

neuraminidase - separate from infected cell

136
Q

antigenic drift vs antigenic shift

A

drift - minor changes in ha and na

shift - changes great enough to evade most immunity

137
Q

____ occurs as a complication of influenza, measles, or chickenpox

A

viral pneumonia

138
Q

histoplasmosis affects which system

A

respiratory

139
Q

histoplasmosis cause

A

histoplasma capsulatum

140
Q

__ grows fungus

A

histoplasma capsulatum

141
Q

histoplasma capsulatum transmission

A

airborne conidia in areas with bird or bat dropping

142
Q

pneumocystis pneumonia cause

A

pneumocystis jirovecii

143
Q

pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) symptoms

A

asymptomatic in the immunocompetent
causes pneumonia in immunocompromised
primary indicator of aids

144
Q

urinary system

A

two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

145
Q

female reproductive system

A

two ovaries, two uterine (fallopian) tubes, vagina, uterus, cervix, vulva

146
Q

male reproductive system

A

two testes, ducts (eprididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra) accessory glands, penis

147
Q

cystitis affects the __ system

A

urinary

148
Q

cystitis cause

A

e coli, staph saprophyticus

149
Q

cystitis symptoms

A

dysuria (difficult or painful urination), pyuria, hematuria

150
Q

cystitis is more common in __ than __

A

8x more common is women than men

151
Q

pyelonephritis affects the __ system

A

urinary

152
Q

pyelonephritis cause

A

e coli

153
Q

pyelonephritis symptoms

A

fever and back pain, bacteremia, scar tissue in kidneys

154
Q

sti symptoms

A

often asymptomatic

155
Q

how many annual US cases of STIs

A

20 million

156
Q

gonorrhea cause

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae

157
Q

gonorrhea invades the spaces between the __ cells

A

epithelial

158
Q

gonorrhea symptoms

A

inflammation, pus

159
Q

gonorrhea virulence factors

A

adherence - fimbrae, pili, opa
toxins - damage cilated cells
IgA protease

160
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) cause

A

n. gonorrheae, c. trachomatis

161
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) symptoms

A

chronic abdominal pain, infection of uterine tubes (salpingitis), scarring can cause infertility or ectopic pregnancy

162
Q

lymphogranuloma venereum (LVG) cause

A

chlamidae trachomatis

163
Q

lymphogranuloma venereum (LVG) symptoms

A

lymph nodes become enlarged, discharge of pus, scarring

164
Q

syphilis cause

A

treponema pallidum

165
Q

lymphogranuloma venereum (LVG) affects which system

A

urinary

166
Q

syphilis affects which system

A

urinary

167
Q

syphilis induces an __ response

A

inflammatory

168
Q

syphilis invades the mucosa or through skin breaks and enters the __

A

bloodstream

169
Q

syphilis 5 stages

A

primary - chancre at the site of infection about 3 weeks after exposure, painless and highly infectious, disappears after 2 weeks

secondary - skin and muscle rashes, especially on palms and soles, fever, malaise, swollen lymph nodes

latent period - no symptoms

tertiary -
gummatous syphilis: gumma on many organs
cardiovascular syphilis: weakens the aorta
neurosyphilis: affects the cns; dementia

congenital - neurological damage to the fetus

170
Q

genital herpes cause

A

herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)

171
Q

herpes symptoms

A

painful vesicles on genitals, painful urination. heals within 2 weeks

172
Q

genital herpes virulence factors

A

infected cell protein (ICP) - inhibit dendritic cell maturation

173
Q

bacterial vaginosis cause

A

gardnerella vaginalis

174
Q

vaginitis vs vaginosis

A

vaginitis - inflammation of vagina due to infection

vaginosis - no inflammation

175
Q

bacterial vaginosis virulence factors

A

adheres to vaginal epithelial cells

production of biofilm, cytotoxin kills epithelial cells and rbc

176
Q

candidiasis affects which system

A

urinary

177
Q

candidiasis cause

A

albicans

178
Q

cangigiasis grows on the __ of the genitourinary tract

A

mucosa

179
Q

candidiasis is due to opportunistic overgrowth caused by

A

antibiotic use, diabetes, hormones

180
Q

candidiasis symptoms

A

yeasty, thick, yellow discharge

181
Q

trichomoniasis affects which system

A

urinary

182
Q

trichomoniasis cause

A

trichomonas vaginalis

183
Q

trichomonas vaginalis is a __ inhabitant of the vagina and urethra

A

normal

184
Q

trichomonas vaginalis grows when

A

normal acidity of the vagina is disturbed

185
Q

trichomoniasis symptoms

A

irritation and profuse, frothy, greenish yellow, foul odor discharge

Micro020 (6 decks)

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