final Flashcards
the brain and spinal cord make up the __
central nervous system
nerves that branch form the cns are called
peripheral nervous system
__ protect the brain and spinal cord
meninges
subarachnoid space contains __ fluid
cerebrospinal
inflammation of the meninges is called
meningitis
inflammation if the brain is called
encephalitis
inflammation of both the meninges and brain is called
meningoencephalitis
neisseria meningitis affects which system
nervous
beginning symptoms of neisseria meningitidis meningitis (meningococcal meningitis)
throat infection, rash, bacteremia
__ nervous system : brain and spinal cord
central
what is the peripheral nervous system
nerves that branch from the CNS
what do meninges do
protect spinal cord
inflammation of the meninges is called
meningitis
inflamation of the brain is called
encephalitis
what is meningoencephalitis
inflammation of meninges and brain
cause of botulism
clostridium botulinum
botulism affects which system
nervous
transmission of botulism
ingestion of botulinal exotoxin
symptoms of neisseria meningitis
throat infection, rash, bacteremia
botulism can cause death from __
respiratory or cardiac failure
infant botulism
c. botulism growth in baby’s intestines due to lack of intestinal bacteria
wound botulism
c botulism growth in wounds
tetanus cause
clostridium tetani
tetanus affects the __ nervous system
central
tetanus can cause death from
spasms of respiratory muscles
tetanospasmin neurotoxin is released from
dead cells
leprosy cause
mycobacterium leprae
leprosy affects which system
nervous
mycobacterium leprae grows in
nerves and skin cells
leprosy transmission
prolonged contact with infected person or inhalation of secretions
2 types of leprosy
tuberculoid (neutral) - loss of sensation in skin
lepromatous (progressive) - disfiguring nodules over the body
amebic meningoencephalitis affects which system
nervous
amebic meningoencephalitis cause
naegleria flowleri
amebic meningoencephalitis fatality rate
100%
rabies affects which system
nervous
rabies cause
genus lyssavirus
rabies transmission
saliva of animal bite
rabies symptoms
muscle spasms of the mouth and pharynx
two types of rabies
furious (classical) - animals are restless, highly excitable
paralytic (dumb or numb) - animals seem unaware of their surroundings, minimally excitable
TSE affects which system
nervous
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and sheep scrapie (TSE in sheep) are caused by
prions
__ system : heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
cardiovascular
the __ system delivers and removes substances to and from the cells
cardiovascular
in the __ system, plasma leaves blood capillaries to become interstital fluid
lymphatic
lymph capillaries transport interstital fluid to __ and __
lymph vessels and lymph nodes
puerperal sepsis cause
strep pyogenes
puerperal sepsis affects the __ system
cardiovascular and lymphatic
puerperal sepsis transmission
childbirth
rheumatic fever affects which system
cardiovascualar and lymphatic
rhematic fever cause
s pyogenes
rheumatic fever
inflammation of heart valves
rheumatic fever has an immune reaction against
streptococcal m protein
rheumatic fever symptoms
subcutaneous nodules at the joints
outbreaks common in dorms and military barracks
neisseria meningitis
associated with honey
infant botulism
mycobacterium leprae generation time
12 days
mycobacterium survives macrophages and invades the
myelin sheath
amebic meninoegencephalitis
protozoan infects the nasal mucosa from swimming water, penetrates the brain, feeds on brain tissues
rabies has __ dna
single stranded
rabies can cross __ membranes
mucous
rabies incubation time
30-50 days
how does rabies cause encephalitis
multiplies in the skeletal muscles, travels through the pns to the brain cells
rabies forms __ in the brain stem
negri bodies
__ causes an antibody cross reaction
rheumatic fever
gangrene affects which system
cardiovascular and lymphatic
gangrene
death of soft tissue
gangrene cause
clostridium perfingens
clostridium perfringens (gangrene) grows where
necrotic tissue
clostridium perfringens (gangrene) produces __ that move along the muscle bundles
toxins
cat scratch disease cause
bartonella henselae
cat scratch disease affects which system
cardiovascular and lymphatic
bartonella henselae inhabits cat’s rbc and carried in __% of cats
50
bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease) multiplies where
fleas digestive system
cat scratch disease symptoms
forms papule at infection site and swollen lymph nodes
plague cause
yersinia pestis
plague transmission
rat flea
plague
yersinia pestis blocks the rat flea’s digestive tract. flea bites the host and ingested blood is regurgitated into the host
plague affects which system
cardiovascular and lymphatic
plague symptoms
intense swellings called buboes
3 types of plague
bubonic- bacteria in blood and lungs, 50-75% mortality rate
septicemic - septic shock due to bacteria in blood
pneumonic - bacteria in lungs, spread by droplets, 100% mortality rate
typhus affects which system
cardiovascular and lymphatic
typhus cause
rickettsia spp
rickettsia spp (typhus) infects the __ cells of the vascular system
endothelial
rickettsia spp (typhus) block and rupture the
small blood vessels
typhus transmission
arthropod vectors
rocky mountain spotted fever is a type of
typhus
rocky mountain spotted fever cause
rickettsia rickettsii
rocky mountain spotted fever symptoms
measles-like rash on palms and soles
rocky mountain spotted fever transmission
wood ticks and dog ticks
dengue affects which system
cardiovascular and lymphatic
dengue cause
a aegypti
__ is endemic to the caribbean and tropical environments
dengue
2 types of dengue
dengue - asymptomatic / mild
severe dengue - severe bleeding and organ impairment
toxoplasmosis cause
toxoplasma gondii
toxoplasmosis affects which system
cardiovascular/lymphatic
toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) undergoes its sexual phase where
cat intestsines
toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) sheds __ in cat feces
oocytes
toxoplasmosis
contact with cat feces introduces oocytes to the intestines. oocytes form trophozoites that invade cells, may become chronic infection
primary danger of toxoplasmosis
congenital infection; stillbirth, neurological damage
malaria affects which system
cardiovascular/lymphatic
malaria cause
plasmodium parasites
malaria transmission
anopheles mosquitoes
2 types of malaria
plasmodium vivax - mildest and most prevalent, dormant in the liver
plasmodium falciparum - most deadly, severe anemia; blocks capillaries, affects the kidney, liver, brain
malaria life cycle
mosquito bite transmits sporozoite into the bloodstream
enter the liver cells which undergo schizogony resulting in the release of merozoites into the bloodstream
merozoites infect rbc’s and undergo schizogony
ruptures the infected rbc releasing toxic compounds
some merozoites develop into gametocytes and are taken up by mosquito
upper respiratory system
nose, pharynx, middle ear, eustachian tubes, saliva, tears
lower respiratory system
larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, alveoli. ciliary escalator, alveolar macrophages, respiratory mucus
streptococcal pharyngitis affects which system
respiratory
streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) cause
strep pyogenes
strep pyogenes is __ to phagocytosis
resistant
streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) symptoms
local inflammation, fever, tonsillitis, enlarged lymph nodes
scarlet fever is a development of __
streptoccocal pharyngitis (strep throat)
scarlet fever
enthrogenic toxin produced by lysogenized s pyogenes
diphtheria affects the __ system
respiratory
diphtheria cause
corynebacterium diphtheriae
diphtheria symptoms
forms a grayish membrane in the throat, blocks passage of air to the lungs, exotoxin circulates in the blood, damages heart and kidneys
common cold cause
over 200 different viruses
rhinoviruses thrive in __ temperature
low
common cold symptoms
sneezing, nasal secretion, congestion, can lead to laryngitis and otitis media, not accompanied by fever
pertussis affects which system
respiratory
pertussis (whooping cough) cause
bordetella pertussis
bordetella pertussis
produces a capsule that allows attachment to ciliated cells in the trachea
tracheal cytotoxin of cell wall damages __ cells
cilliated
3 stages of whooping cough
catarrhal stage - common cold
paroxysmal stage - violent coughing, gasping for air
convalescence stage - may last for months
tuberculosis cause
mycobacterium tuberculosis
tuberculosis generation time
20 hours
mycobacterium tuperculosis lipids in the cell wall make it resistant to __ and __
drying an d antimicrobials
pathogenesis of tuberculosis
inhaled organisms are phagocytized by alveolar macrophages
myolic acids stimulate inflammatory response
organisms are isolated in walled-off tubercle
tubercles heal and become calcifies, tubercle bacilli remain dormant
tubercle breaks down releasing bacteria into lungs and cardiovascular/lymphatic system
pneumococcal pneumonia cause
s pneumoniae
pneumococcal pneumonia virulence factors
capsule - evade phagocytosis
pneumolysin o - pore formation on host cell
pro-inflammatory cytokine production
psittacosis (ornithosos) affects which system
respiratory
psittacosis (ornithosos) transmission
elementary bodies from bird droppings transmitted through air
psittacosis (ornithosis) symptoms
fever, headache, chills, disorientation
influenza symptoms
chills, fever, headache, muscle aches
influenza contains _ rna segments and an outer lipid bilayer
8
influenza 2 types of spikes
hemagglutinin - recognize and attach to host cells
neuraminidase - separate from infected cell
antigenic drift vs antigenic shift
drift - minor changes in ha and na
shift - changes great enough to evade most immunity
____ occurs as a complication of influenza, measles, or chickenpox
viral pneumonia
histoplasmosis affects which system
respiratory
histoplasmosis cause
histoplasma capsulatum
__ grows fungus
histoplasma capsulatum
histoplasma capsulatum transmission
airborne conidia in areas with bird or bat dropping
pneumocystis pneumonia cause
pneumocystis jirovecii
pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) symptoms
asymptomatic in the immunocompetent
causes pneumonia in immunocompromised
primary indicator of aids
urinary system
two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
female reproductive system
two ovaries, two uterine (fallopian) tubes, vagina, uterus, cervix, vulva
male reproductive system
two testes, ducts (eprididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra) accessory glands, penis
cystitis affects the __ system
urinary
cystitis cause
e coli, staph saprophyticus
cystitis symptoms
dysuria (difficult or painful urination), pyuria, hematuria
cystitis is more common in __ than __
8x more common is women than men
pyelonephritis affects the __ system
urinary
pyelonephritis cause
e coli
pyelonephritis symptoms
fever and back pain, bacteremia, scar tissue in kidneys
sti symptoms
often asymptomatic
how many annual US cases of STIs
20 million
gonorrhea cause
neisseria gonorrhoeae
gonorrhea invades the spaces between the __ cells
epithelial
gonorrhea symptoms
inflammation, pus
gonorrhea virulence factors
adherence - fimbrae, pili, opa
toxins - damage cilated cells
IgA protease
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) cause
n. gonorrheae, c. trachomatis
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) symptoms
chronic abdominal pain, infection of uterine tubes (salpingitis), scarring can cause infertility or ectopic pregnancy
lymphogranuloma venereum (LVG) cause
chlamidae trachomatis
lymphogranuloma venereum (LVG) symptoms
lymph nodes become enlarged, discharge of pus, scarring
syphilis cause
treponema pallidum
lymphogranuloma venereum (LVG) affects which system
urinary
syphilis affects which system
urinary
syphilis induces an __ response
inflammatory
syphilis invades the mucosa or through skin breaks and enters the __
bloodstream
syphilis 5 stages
primary - chancre at the site of infection about 3 weeks after exposure, painless and highly infectious, disappears after 2 weeks
secondary - skin and muscle rashes, especially on palms and soles, fever, malaise, swollen lymph nodes
latent period - no symptoms
tertiary -
gummatous syphilis: gumma on many organs
cardiovascular syphilis: weakens the aorta
neurosyphilis: affects the cns; dementia
congenital - neurological damage to the fetus
genital herpes cause
herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
herpes symptoms
painful vesicles on genitals, painful urination. heals within 2 weeks
genital herpes virulence factors
infected cell protein (ICP) - inhibit dendritic cell maturation
bacterial vaginosis cause
gardnerella vaginalis
vaginitis vs vaginosis
vaginitis - inflammation of vagina due to infection
vaginosis - no inflammation
bacterial vaginosis virulence factors
adheres to vaginal epithelial cells
production of biofilm, cytotoxin kills epithelial cells and rbc
candidiasis affects which system
urinary
candidiasis cause
albicans
cangigiasis grows on the __ of the genitourinary tract
mucosa
candidiasis is due to opportunistic overgrowth caused by
antibiotic use, diabetes, hormones
candidiasis symptoms
yeasty, thick, yellow discharge
trichomoniasis affects which system
urinary
trichomoniasis cause
trichomonas vaginalis
trichomonas vaginalis is a __ inhabitant of the vagina and urethra
normal
trichomonas vaginalis grows when
normal acidity of the vagina is disturbed
trichomoniasis symptoms
irritation and profuse, frothy, greenish yellow, foul odor discharge
