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Micro020 > Exam 2 (Ch. 5, 6, 13) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Ch. 5, 6, 13) Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell.

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2
Q

Describe the two types of pathways of metabolism

A

catabolic - break down macromolecules into simple ones, releasing energy
anabolic - build up macromolecules by combining simple ones, using energy

catabolic reactions provide the energy needed for anabolic reactions

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3
Q

Tue or false: Many metabolic pathways can be beneficial rather than pathogenic

A

True

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4
Q

metabolic pathways are determined by

A

enzymes

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5
Q

what do catalysts do in chemical reactions?

A

speed up chemical reactions without being altered

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6
Q

what do enzymes do in chemical reactions?

A
  • enzymes are biological catalysts; speed up the reaction
  • act on a specific substrate
  • lower the activation energy
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7
Q

substrate contacts the enzyme’s active site to form ____

A

an enzyme substrate complex

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8
Q

Substrate is transformed and rearranged into ___ which are released from the enzyme

A

products

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9
Q

competitive inhibitors fill the ___ of an enzyme and compete with the ___

A

active site, substrate

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10
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors interact with the ___

A

allosteric site

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11
Q

what is feedback inhibition?

A

when an enzyme’s activity is inhibited by the enzyme’s end product

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12
Q

oxidation: ___ of electrons

A

removal

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13
Q

reduction: ___ of electrons

A

gain

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14
Q

what is a redox reaction?

A

an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction

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15
Q

ATP is generated by the ___ of ADP with the input of energy

A

phosphorylation

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16
Q

what generates ATP?

A

The phosphorylation of ADP with the input of energy

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17
Q

describe oxidative phosphorylation

A

electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to another along the electron transport chain on a membrane that releases energy to generate ATP

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18
Q

what is photophosphorylation?

A

light energy is converted to ATP during oxidation from chlorophyll

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19
Q

most microorganisms oxidize ___ as primary energy source

A

carbohydrates

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20
Q

what are the three stages of the breakdown of carbohydrates?

A
  • glycolysis
  • citric acid cycle
  • electron transport chain
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21
Q

Summarize glycolysis

A

first phase - glucose is broken down to glyceraldehyde and uses energy
second phase - glyceraldehyde is broken down to 2 pyruvate and releases energy in the form of ATP and NADH

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22
Q

summarize acetyl-coA synthesis

A
  • pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is oxidized and decarboxylation (loss of co2) occurs
  • the resulting two-carbon compound attached to coenzyme A attaches to coenzyme A, forming acetyl coA and NADH
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23
Q

what is decarboxylatiob?

A

loss of co2

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24
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A
  • the production of energy from food in the presence of oxygen
  • glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + atp
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25
Q

in anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not __

A

O2

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26
Q

which yields more energy, aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

aerobic

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27
Q

what are three molecules that can be the final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration?

A

-NO3-
-SO4 2-
CO3 2-

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28
Q

true or false: fermentation does not require oxygen

A

true

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29
Q

does fermentation release or use energy?

A

release

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30
Q

fermentation uses a ___ molecule as the final electron acceptor

A

organic

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31
Q

describe homolactic and heterolactic fermentation

A

homolactic - produces lactic acid

heterolactic -produces lactic acid and/or other compounds

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32
Q

summarize alcohol fermentation

A
  • 2 pyruvate (from glycolysis) is used to produce co2 and ethanol
  • acetaldehyde acts as an electron acceptor and the 2 NADH is oxidized to 2 NAD+
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33
Q

summarize lactic acid fermentation

A
  • 2 pyruvate (from glycolysis) is used to produce 2 lactate

- pyruvate acts as an electron acceptor allowing NADH to be oxidized to NAD+

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34
Q

where does each glycolysis process occur in the cell?

A

citric acid - mitochondria
fermentation - cytoplasm
etc - mitochondria

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35
Q

what are physical requirements for growth?

A
  • temperature
  • ph
  • osmotic pressure
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36
Q

what are chemical requirements for growth?

A
  • carbon
  • nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous
  • trace elements
37
Q

how does temperature affect growth?

A
  • affects 3-d structure of proteins
  • if too low, membranes become rigid and fragile
  • if too high, membranes become too fluid
38
Q

describe the groups of microorganisms classified by their preferred temperature

A 
psychrophiles - cold
psychrotrophs - cold tolerant
mesophiles - moderate
thermophiles - hot
hyperthermophiles - extreme hot
39
Q

describe the groups of microorganisms classified by their preferred ph

A

acidophiles - 1
neutrophiles - 6.5 - 7.5
alkaliphiles - 11.5

40
Q

describe hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic environments

A

hypertonic - higher concentration in solute than in the cell
hypotonic - lower concentration in solute than in the cell
isotonic - equal concentrations in solute and cell

41
Q

hypertonic solutions cause ___

A

plasmolysis

42
Q

toxic forms of oxygen are highly reactive and excellent ___ agents

A

oxidizing

43
Q

what does oxidation do?

A

cause irreparable damage

44
Q

what are two toxic forms of oxygen?

A

superoxide radicals o2-

peroxide anion h2o2

45
Q

describe the types of bacteria classified by their oxygen requirements

A

obligate aerobes - require oxygen
facultative anaerobes - grow via fermentation or anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not available
obligate anaerobes - unable to use oxygen and most are harmed by it
aerotolerant anaerobes - tolerate but can’t use oxygen
microaerophiles - require oxygen concentration lower than air

46
Q

what is quorum testing?

A

bacterial communication to control gene expression based on the number of individuals in the population

47
Q

which enzymes are used to get rid of radicals?

A

sod, catalase

48
Q

what is biofilm?

A
  • slime produced by bacteria for protection from harmful environments
  • used to share nutrients
  • involved in 70% of infections
49
Q

what are the steps of binary fission?

A
  • cell elongates and dna is replicated
  • plasma membrane begins to constrict and new wall is made
  • cross-wall forms, completely separating the two dna copies
  • cell separates
50
Q

what is generation time?

A
  • the time required for a cell to divide (one round of binary fission)
  • binary fission doubles the number of cells each generation
51
Q

describe the phases of growth

A

lag - no increase in number, intense protein synthesis
log - active division, exponential increase in number
stationary - bacteria approach carrying capacity, nutrients are being depleted
death - waste accumulates and nutrients are exhausted

52
Q

describe chemically defined media and complex media

A

chemically defined - exact chemical composition is known

complex - extracts of yeast meat, plants; composition varies. ex. nutrient broth/agar

53
Q

why is the streak plate method used?

A

to isolate pure cultures

54
Q

how many cfu’s should be counted on one plate?

A

30-300

55
Q

what kind of plate method allows microorganisms to grow on the surface and within the medium?

A

pour plate

56
Q

what kind of plate method makes it easy to count bacteria

A

spread plate

57
Q

true or false: viruses are acellular

A

true

58
Q

what size are viruses?

A

20 nm to 1000 nm

59
Q

the spectrum of host cells that a virus can infect is called __

A

host range

60
Q

the host range is determined by __

A

specific host attachment sites and cellular factors

61
Q

viruses that can infect bacteria are called __

A

bacteriophages

62
Q

what is a virion?

A

a fully developed viral particle

63
Q

a protein coat on a virion that encases genetic material is called a ___

A

capsid

64
Q

what are capsomeres?

A

the subunits of a capsid

65
Q

how does a virus acquire an envelope?

A

from the host cell

66
Q

describe the lytic and lysogenic cycles

A

lytic - phage causes lysis and death of the host cell. generalized transduction
lysogenic - phage dna is incorporates in the host dna. phage conversion. specialized transduction

67
Q

describe the steps of the lytic cycle

A

attachment - phage attaches by the tail fibers to the host cell
penetration - phage lysozyme opens the cell wall; tail sheath contracts to force the tail core and dna into the cell
biosynthesis - production of phage dna and proteins
maturation(assembly) - assembly of phage particles
release - phage lysozyme breaks the cell walls

68
Q

what is a prophage

A

inserted phage dna

69
Q

the lysogenic cycle results in ___ in which the host cell exhibits new properties

A

phage conversion

70
Q

what is transduction?

A

the transfer of genetic information from one cell to another via a bacteriophage

71
Q

generalized vs specialized transduction

A

generalized - a random piece of bacterial chromosome dna is transferred by the phage during the lytic cycle

specialized - a specific piece of bacterial chromosome is transferred, occurs at the end of lysogenic cycle

72
Q

describe the steps of the lysogenic cycle

A

integration - prophage exists in galactose-using host
excision - phage genome excises, carrying with it the adjacent gal gene from the host
infection - phage infects cell that cannot utilize galactose (lacking gal gene)
recombination - along with the prophage, the bacterial gal gene becomes integrated into the new host’s dna

73
Q

describe the steps of multiplication of animal viruses

A

attachment
entry - by endocytosis, or fusion, direct penetration
uncoating by viral or host enzymes
biosynthesis - production of nucleic acid and proteins
maturation - nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble
release by budding or rupture/lysis

74
Q

during biosynthesis, viruses synthesize capsid and other proteins in the cytoplasm using ___

A

host cell enzymes

75
Q

what are the two host cell enzymes that viruses use for biosynthesis

A

ssDNA

dsDNA

76
Q

describe the two strands of ssRNA

A

ssRNA +(sense)
ssRNA -(antisense)
-complimentary strands
-positive acts as mRNA to make viral proteins
-negative needs RdRp (polymerase) to make + strand

77
Q

what is a retrovirus?

A

-virus that uses reverse transcriptase to transcribe dna from rna

78
Q

abnormal, pathogenic agents that are transmissible and found in the brain are called ___

A

prions

79
Q

true or false: prions are viruses

A

false

80
Q

what are ways that prions are transmissible?

A

ingestion
transplant
surgical instruments

81
Q

what are PrPc and PrPsc?

A

prpc - normal prion protein, on the cell surface

prpsc - misfolded version of prion protein, scrapie form, accumulates in the brain and forms plaques

82
Q

what are the two lifecycles for viruses

A

lytic and lysogenic

83
Q

summarize the citric acid cycle

A

the acetyl group from acetyl coA attaches to oxaloacetate to produce citrate. citrate is oxidized to produce two co2. atp, nadh and fadh2 is also produced

84
Q

What is the fate of pyruvate in an organism that uses aerobic respiration

A

it is converted to acetyl coa

85
Q

___ uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor

A

fermentation

86
Q

what molecule is used to transport electrons to the etc in aerobic respiration?

A

nadh

87
Q

true or false - cyclic photophosphorylation leads to o2 production

A

false

88
Q

in prokaryotes, the etc is located in the

A

plasma membrane

Micro020 (6 decks)

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