Chapter 14 Flashcards
Disease-causing microbes are called
pathogens
What is pathology
the study of disease
The development of disease is called
pathogenesis
The invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens is called
infection
an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions is called
disease
What are opportunistic pathogens?
pathogenic organisms that do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy individual
normal microbiota contains ___ pathogens
opportunistic
a competition between microbes is called
microbial antagonism or competitive exclusion
how do normal microbiota protect the host?
- compete for nutrients
- produce substances harmful to invading microbes
- affect pH and available oxygen
the relationship between normal microbiota and the host is called
symbiosis
describe commensalism, mutualism, parasitism
commensalism- one organism benefits, the other is unaffected
mutualism- both organisms benefit
parasitism- one benefits at the expense of the other
describe the stages of the development of disease
incubation - interval between initial infection and first signs/symptoms
prodromal - early, mild symptoms
illness - disease is most severe
decline - signs/symptoms subside
convalescence - body returns to prediseased state
a continual source of infection is called
reservoir
what are zoonoses?
diseases transmitted from animals to humans
what are examples of nonliving reservoirs?
soil and water
a type of transmission that requires close association between the infected and susceptible host is called
direct contact transmission
transmission from mother to fetus or newborn at birth is called
congenital transmission
transmission from a non-living object (fomite) to a host is called
indirect contact
transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter is called
droplet transmission
transmission via droplets that travel more that 1 meter from reservoir to host is called
airborne
waterborne transmission is caused by
contaminated water
foodborne transmission is caused by
- poorly cooked food
- poorly refrigerated
- poorly prepared
fleas, ticks, and mosquitos are arthropods that act as
vectors
describe the two methods of transmission used by vectors
mechanical - arthropod carries pathogen on its feet
biological - pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites or feces
what is the difference between symptoms and signs?
symptoms are felt by the patient, not apparent to the observer
signs are objective changes that can be observed and measured
a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease is called
syndrome
describe the classifications of infectious diseases
communicable - spread from one host to another
noncommunicable - not spread from one host to another
contagious - spread easily and rapidly
a disease constantly present on a population is called
endemic
a disease that only occurs occasionally is called
sporadic
what is the difference between an epidemic and pandemic
pandemic - worldwide
epidemic - one area
describe primary and secondary infections
primary - acute infection that causes the initial illness
secondary - opportunistic infection after a primary infection
what is a latent disease
causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms
what is a subclinical infection
no noticeable signs or symptoms, carry the pathogen but do not develop disease
an infection in which pathogens are limited to a small area of the body is called
local infection
an infection throughout the body is called
systemic (generalized) infection
a systemic infection that began as a local infection is called
focal
what is sepsis?
a toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection
bacteremia, toxemia, and viremia are referring to bacteria, toxins, and viruses in the ___
blood
what is a nosocomial infection
acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility
