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Micro020 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Disease-causing microbes are called

A

pathogens

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2
Q

What is pathology

A

the study of disease

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3
Q

The development of disease is called

A

pathogenesis

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4
Q

The invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens is called

A

infection

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5
Q

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions is called

A

disease

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6
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

pathogenic organisms that do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy individual

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7
Q

normal microbiota contains ___ pathogens

A

opportunistic

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8
Q

a competition between microbes is called

A

microbial antagonism or competitive exclusion

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9
Q

how do normal microbiota protect the host?

A
  • compete for nutrients
  • produce substances harmful to invading microbes
  • affect pH and available oxygen
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10
Q

the relationship between normal microbiota and the host is called

A

symbiosis

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11
Q

describe commensalism, mutualism, parasitism

A

commensalism- one organism benefits, the other is unaffected
mutualism- both organisms benefit
parasitism- one benefits at the expense of the other

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12
Q

describe the stages of the development of disease

A

incubation - interval between initial infection and first signs/symptoms
prodromal - early, mild symptoms
illness - disease is most severe
decline - signs/symptoms subside
convalescence - body returns to prediseased state

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13
Q

a continual source of infection is called

A

reservoir

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14
Q

what are zoonoses?

A

diseases transmitted from animals to humans

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15
Q

what are examples of nonliving reservoirs?

A

soil and water

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16
Q

a type of transmission that requires close association between the infected and susceptible host is called

A

direct contact transmission

17
Q

transmission from mother to fetus or newborn at birth is called

A

congenital transmission

18
Q

transmission from a non-living object (fomite) to a host is called

A

indirect contact

19
Q

transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter is called

A

droplet transmission

20
Q

transmission via droplets that travel more that 1 meter from reservoir to host is called

A

airborne

21
Q

waterborne transmission is caused by

A

contaminated water

22
Q

foodborne transmission is caused by

A
  • poorly cooked food
  • poorly refrigerated
  • poorly prepared
23
Q

fleas, ticks, and mosquitos are arthropods that act as

A

vectors

24
Q

describe the two methods of transmission used by vectors

A

mechanical - arthropod carries pathogen on its feet

biological - pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites or feces

25
Q

what is the difference between symptoms and signs?

A

symptoms are felt by the patient, not apparent to the observer

signs are objective changes that can be observed and measured

26
Q

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease is called

A

syndrome

27
Q

describe the classifications of infectious diseases

A

communicable - spread from one host to another
noncommunicable - not spread from one host to another
contagious - spread easily and rapidly

28
Q

a disease constantly present on a population is called

A

endemic

29
Q

a disease that only occurs occasionally is called

A

sporadic

30
Q

what is the difference between an epidemic and pandemic

A

pandemic - worldwide

epidemic - one area

30
Q

describe primary and secondary infections

A

primary - acute infection that causes the initial illness

secondary - opportunistic infection after a primary infection

31
Q

what is a latent disease

A

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

32
Q

what is a subclinical infection

A

no noticeable signs or symptoms, carry the pathogen but do not develop disease

33
Q

an infection in which pathogens are limited to a small area of the body is called

A

local infection

34
Q

an infection throughout the body is called

A

systemic (generalized) infection

35
Q

a systemic infection that began as a local infection is called

A

focal

36
Q

what is sepsis?

A

a toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

37
Q

bacteremia, toxemia, and viremia are referring to bacteria, toxins, and viruses in the ___

A

blood

38
Q

what is a nosocomial infection

A

acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility

Micro020 (6 decks)

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