Chapter 14

Question 1

Disease-causing microbes are called

Answer 1

pathogens

Question 2

What is pathology

Answer 2

the study of disease

Question 3

The development of disease is called

Answer 3

pathogenesis

Question 4

The invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens is called

Answer 4

infection

Question 5

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions is called

Answer 5

disease

Question 6

What are opportunistic pathogens?

Answer 6

pathogenic organisms that do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy individual

Question 7

normal microbiota contains ___ pathogens

Answer 7

opportunistic

Question 8

a competition between microbes is called

Answer 8

microbial antagonism or competitive exclusion

Question 9

how do normal microbiota protect the host?

Answer 9

• compete for nutrients
• produce substances harmful to invading microbes
• affect pH and available oxygen

Question 10

the relationship between normal microbiota and the host is called

Answer 10

symbiosis

Question 11

describe commensalism, mutualism, parasitism

Answer 11

commensalism- one organism benefits, the other is unaffected
mutualism- both organisms benefit
parasitism- one benefits at the expense of the other

Question 12

describe the stages of the development of disease

Answer 12

incubation - interval between initial infection and first signs/symptoms
prodromal - early, mild symptoms
illness - disease is most severe
decline - signs/symptoms subside
convalescence - body returns to prediseased state

Question 13

a continual source of infection is called

Answer 13

reservoir

Question 14

what are zoonoses?

Answer 14

diseases transmitted from animals to humans

Question 15

what are examples of nonliving reservoirs?

Answer 15

soil and water

Question 16

a type of transmission that requires close association between the infected and susceptible host is called

Answer 16

direct contact transmission

Question 17

transmission from mother to fetus or newborn at birth is called

Answer 17

congenital transmission

Question 18

transmission from a non-living object (fomite) to a host is called

Answer 18

indirect contact

Question 19

transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter is called

Answer 19

droplet transmission

Question 20

transmission via droplets that travel more that 1 meter from reservoir to host is called

Answer 20

airborne

Question 21

waterborne transmission is caused by

Answer 21

contaminated water

Question 22

foodborne transmission is caused by

Answer 22

• poorly cooked food
• poorly refrigerated
• poorly prepared

Question 23

fleas, ticks, and mosquitos are arthropods that act as

Answer 23

vectors

Question 24

describe the two methods of transmission used by vectors

Answer 24

mechanical - arthropod carries pathogen on its feet

biological - pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites or feces

Question 25

what is the difference between symptoms and signs?

Answer 25

symptoms are felt by the patient, not apparent to the observer signs are objective changes that can be observed and measured

Question 26

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease is called

Answer 26

syndrome

Question 27

describe the classifications of infectious diseases

Answer 27

communicable - spread from one host to another noncommunicable - not spread from one host to another contagious - spread easily and rapidly

Question 28

a disease constantly present on a population is called

Answer 28

endemic

Question 29

a disease that only occurs occasionally is called

Answer 29

sporadic

Question 30

what is the difference between an epidemic and pandemic

Answer 30

pandemic - worldwide | epidemic - one area

Question 30

describe primary and secondary infections

Answer 30

primary - acute infection that causes the initial illness | secondary - opportunistic infection after a primary infection

Question 31

what is a latent disease

Answer 31

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

Question 32

what is a subclinical infection

Answer 32

no noticeable signs or symptoms, carry the pathogen but do not develop disease

Question 33

an infection in which pathogens are limited to a small area of the body is called

Answer 33

local infection

Question 34

an infection throughout the body is called

Answer 34

systemic (generalized) infection

Question 35

a systemic infection that began as a local infection is called

Answer 35

focal

Question 36

what is sepsis?

Answer 36

a toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

Question 37

bacteremia, toxemia, and viremia are referring to bacteria, toxins, and viruses in the ___

Answer 37

blood

Question 38

what is a nosocomial infection

Answer 38

acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility