Ch 19

Question 1

there is a possible link of lack of normal microbiota metabolic products leading to

Answer 1

chronic inflammatory state

Question 2

an antigenic response beyond normal that occurs when sensitized by previous exposure to an antigen

Answer 2

hypersensitivity

Question 3

4 types of hypersensitivity

Answer 3

1. anaphylactic
2. cytotoxic
3. immune complex
4. delayed cell-mediated

Question 4

in anaphylactic reactions, antigens combine with

__ antibodies

Answer 4

IgE

Question 5

in anaphylactic reactions, IgE attaches to __ and __

Answer 5

mast cells and basophils

Question 6

In anaphylactic reactions, mast cells and basophils undergo __ which releases 3 mediators

Answer 6

degranulation

histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins

Question 7

systemic anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock) occurs when

Answer 7

an individual sensitized to an antigen is exposed to it again

Question 8

systemic anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock) may result in

Answer 8

circulatory collapse and death

Question 9

systemic anaphylaxis is treated with

Answer 9

epinephrine

Question 10

localized anaphylaxis symptoms depend on

Answer 10

route of entry

Question 11

localized anaphylaxis is associated with

Answer 11

ingested or inhaled antigens

Question 12

localized anaphylaxis symptoms include

Answer 12

hives, hay fever, asthma

Question 13

cytotoxic reactions activate complement by the combination of __ or __ antibodies with an antigenic cell

Answer 13

IgG or IgM

Question 14

cytotoxic reactions cause ___ by macrophages

Answer 14

cell damage or lysis

Question 15

what is the blood group system

Answer 15

antibodies form against certain carbohydrate antigens on RBCs

Question 16

ABO blood group system uses which antigens

Answer 16

A and B

Question 17

Rh blood given to an Rh recipient will stimulate a __ antibodies in the recipient

Answer 17

anti-Rh

Question 18

in immune complex reactions, antibodies form against __ antigens in the __

Answer 18

soluble, serum

Question 19

]__ reactions form immune complexes that lodge in the basement membranes beneath the cells

Answer 19

immune complex

Question 20

arthus reaction is a rare side-effect of

Answer 20

toxoid-containing vaccines

Question 21

what are the steps of immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity

Answer 21

1. immune complexes are deposited in blood vessel wall
2. immune complexes activates complement and attracts inflammatory cells such as neutrophils
3. enzymes released from neutrophils cause damage to endothelial cells of basement membrane

Question 22

in a delayed cell mediated reaction, cell mediated immune responses are caused by __ cells

Answer 22

T

Question 23

in delayed cell mediated reactions, antigens are phagocytized and presented to receptors on __ cells, causing __

Answer 23

T, sensitization

Question 24

in delayed cell mediated reactions, reexposure to antigen causes

Answer 24

memory cells to release destructive cytokines

Question 25

allergic response to poison ivy, cosmetics, metals and latex is called

Answer 25

allergic contact dermatitis

Question 26

allergic contact dermatitis is a ___ reaction

Answer 26

delayed cell mediated

Question 27

what is autoimmunity

Answer 27

a loss of self-tolerance

Question 28

what is an autoimmune disease

Answer 28

immune system responds to self antigens, causing damage to the organs

Question 29

what is an immunodeficiency

Answer 29

absence of a sufficient immune response

Question 30

__ immunodeficiencies are due to defective or missing genes

Answer 30

congenital

Question 31

__ immunodeficiencies develop during an individual's life due to drugs, cancers, and infection

Answer 31

acquired

Question 32

active infection

Answer 32

new viruses bud from the host cell

Question 33

latent infections

Answer 33

DNA is hidden in the chromosome as a provirus

Question 34

stages of HIV infection

Answer 34

1. asymptomatic or lymphadenopathy 2. CD4 T cells decline steadily, only a few infected cells release the virus, few serious disease symptoms 3. AIDS develops, the CD4 is count below 200 cells/ul

Question 35

the digestive system is _ % of the immune system

Answer 35

70

Question 36

dental plaque is caused by

Answer 36

biofilms formed by dextran and fimbrae

Question 37

diets high in __ increase risk of tooth decay

Answer 37

sucrose

Question 38

inflammation and infection of the gums is called

Answer 38

gingivitis

Question 39

bone and tissue supporting the teeth are destroyed

Answer 39

periodontitis

Question 40

periodontitis is caused by

Answer 40

porphyromonas

Question 41

helicobacter peptic ulcer disease infects __% of the population in the world

Answer 41

30-50

Question 42

helicobacter peptic ulcer disease grows in the stomach acid by producing __

Answer 42

urease

Question 43

shigellosis is caused by the genus

Answer 43

shigella

Question 44

shigellosis is gram __ and facultative

Answer 44

negative, anaerobe

Question 45

shigellosis causes damage to the

Answer 45

intestinal wall

Question 46

signs and symptoms of shigellosis

Answer 46

abdominal cramps, fever, increased bowel movements

Question 47

salmonella enterica is gram __ and facultative __

Answer 47

negative, anaerobe

Question 48

typhoid fever is caused by __ in __

Answer 48

salmonella thypi, human feces

Question 49

typhoid fever causes intestinal wall __

Answer 49

ulceration

Question 50

cholera causes

Answer 50

loss of 12-20 liters of water per day, shock, collapse, organ failure, death

Question 51

clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is gram __ and endospore forming __

Answer 51

anaerobe

Question 52

causes more deaths than all other intestinal infections combined

Answer 52

clostridium difficile-associated

Question 53

clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea diagnosis and treatments

Answer 53

diagnosis - pcr - antigen detection - stool culture treatment - fidaxomicin - vancomycin - fecal matter - transplant