Ch 19 Flashcards
there is a possible link of lack of normal microbiota metabolic products leading to
chronic inflammatory state
an antigenic response beyond normal that occurs when sensitized by previous exposure to an antigen
hypersensitivity
4 types of hypersensitivity
- anaphylactic
- cytotoxic
- immune complex
- delayed cell-mediated
in anaphylactic reactions, antigens combine with
__ antibodies
IgE
in anaphylactic reactions, IgE attaches to __ and __
mast cells and basophils
In anaphylactic reactions, mast cells and basophils undergo __ which releases 3 mediators
degranulation
histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins
systemic anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock) occurs when
an individual sensitized to an antigen is exposed to it again
systemic anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock) may result in
circulatory collapse and death
systemic anaphylaxis is treated with
epinephrine
localized anaphylaxis symptoms depend on
route of entry
localized anaphylaxis is associated with
ingested or inhaled antigens
localized anaphylaxis symptoms include
hives, hay fever, asthma
cytotoxic reactions activate complement by the combination of __ or __ antibodies with an antigenic cell
IgG or IgM
cytotoxic reactions cause ___ by macrophages
cell damage or lysis
what is the blood group system
antibodies form against certain carbohydrate antigens on RBCs
ABO blood group system uses which antigens
A and B
Rh blood given to an Rh recipient will stimulate a __ antibodies in the recipient
anti-Rh
in immune complex reactions, antibodies form against __ antigens in the __
soluble, serum
]__ reactions form immune complexes that lodge in the basement membranes beneath the cells
immune complex
arthus reaction is a rare side-effect of
toxoid-containing vaccines
what are the steps of immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity
- immune complexes are deposited in blood vessel wall
- immune complexes activates complement and attracts inflammatory cells such as neutrophils
- enzymes released from neutrophils cause damage to endothelial cells of basement membrane
in a delayed cell mediated reaction, cell mediated immune responses are caused by __ cells
T
in delayed cell mediated reactions, antigens are phagocytized and presented to receptors on __ cells, causing __
T, sensitization
in delayed cell mediated reactions, reexposure to antigen causes
memory cells to release destructive cytokines
allergic response to poison ivy, cosmetics, metals and latex is called
allergic contact dermatitis
allergic contact dermatitis is a ___ reaction
delayed cell mediated
what is autoimmunity
a loss of self-tolerance
what is an autoimmune disease
immune system responds to self antigens, causing damage to the organs
what is an immunodeficiency
absence of a sufficient immune response
__ immunodeficiencies are due to defective or missing genes
congenital
__ immunodeficiencies develop during an individual’s life due to drugs, cancers, and infection
acquired
active infection
new viruses bud from the host cell
latent infections
DNA is hidden in the chromosome as a provirus
stages of HIV infection
- asymptomatic or lymphadenopathy
- CD4 T cells decline steadily, only a few infected cells release the virus, few serious disease symptoms
- AIDS develops, the CD4 is count below 200 cells/ul
the digestive system is _ % of the immune system
70
dental plaque is caused by
biofilms formed by dextran and fimbrae
diets high in __ increase risk of tooth decay
sucrose
inflammation and infection of the gums is called
gingivitis
bone and tissue supporting the teeth are destroyed
periodontitis
periodontitis is caused by
porphyromonas
helicobacter peptic ulcer disease infects __% of the population in the world
30-50
helicobacter peptic ulcer disease grows in the stomach acid by producing __
urease
shigellosis is caused by the genus
shigella
shigellosis is gram __ and facultative
negative, anaerobe
shigellosis causes damage to the
intestinal wall
signs and symptoms of shigellosis
abdominal cramps, fever, increased bowel movements
salmonella enterica is gram __ and facultative __
negative, anaerobe
typhoid fever is caused by __ in __
salmonella thypi, human feces
typhoid fever causes intestinal wall __
ulceration
cholera causes
loss of 12-20 liters of water per day, shock, collapse, organ failure, death
clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is gram __ and endospore forming __
anaerobe
causes more deaths than all other intestinal infections combined
clostridium difficile-associated
clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea diagnosis and treatments
diagnosis
- pcr
- antigen detection
- stool culture
treatment
- fidaxomicin
- vancomycin
- fecal matter
- transplant
