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FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

cardiac tissue

A

forms the contractile tissue of theheart ; striated in appearance; under involuntary contractions

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2
Q

smooth tissue

A

lack of striations; walls of digestive tract, urinary bladder, & arteries; involuntary control

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3
Q

nervous tissue

A

forms a communication & coordination within the body; main cell is a neuron

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4
Q

connective tissue

A

synthesizes the matrix; small amount of cells scattered through the matrix

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5
Q

loose connective tissue

A

most common; holds organs in place

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6
Q

adipose connective tissue

A

contains fats which insulates the body & stores energy

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7
Q

blood connective tissue

A

fluid matrix called plasma; transport substances

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8
Q

integumentary system

A

skin, hair, nails

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9
Q

skeletal system

A

supports body structure & protect organs

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10
Q

muscular system

A

produces body movement & body heat

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11
Q

nervous system

A

detect changes inside & outside the body

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12
Q

endocrine system

A

produce hormones which regulate body activity

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13
Q

digestive system

A

converts food molecules into forms that are absorbed

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14
Q

respiratory system

A

exchanges gases between air & blood

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15
Q

circulatory system

A

transports materials to & from cells; help stabilize the internal pH & temp

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16
Q

reproductive system

A

females: eggs
males: produce sperm

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17
Q

digestive system

A

convert polymers into monomers to be absorbed by the cell

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18
Q

assimilation

A

using absorbed food for growth

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19
Q

mechanical digestion

A

teeth & tongue & churning of stomach

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20
Q

chemical digestion

A

enzymes break down food into smaller molecules

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21
Q

amylase

A

enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in carbs

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22
Q

zymogen

A

inactive form of an enzyme

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23
Q

salivary gland

A

glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion

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24
Q

fundus

A

upper portion of the stomach

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25
Q

body

A

central portion of the stomach

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26
Q

pylorus

A

bottom of stomach

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27
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

opening from the esophagus to the stomach

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28
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

opening from pylorus to intestines

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29
Q

function of stomach

A

temporary storage of food. mixing of food with gastric juices. regulation of a slow, controlled emptying of food into the intestine

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30
Q

parietal cells secrete

A

hydrochloric acid

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31
Q

chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen

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32
Q

duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine

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33
Q

jejunum

A

middle portion of the small intestine

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34
Q

ileum

A

third part of the small intestine

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35
Q

function of the small intestine

A

digestion & absorption of nutrients

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36
Q

cecum

A

first part of the large intestine

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37
Q

colon

A

middle section of the large intestine

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38
Q

rectum

A

end of large intestine

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39
Q

function of large intestine

A

water absorption & eliminate fecal matter

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40
Q

systemic circuit

A

carries blood between the heartt & the rest of the body

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41
Q

liver

A

site of cholesterol synthesis & detoxify body

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42
Q

pancreas

A

make insulin which controls blood sugar levels

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43
Q

which side of the heartt handles oxygen-poor blood

A

right

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44
Q

which side of the heartt handles oxygen rich blood

A

left

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45
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the ♡

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46
Q

arterioles

A

vessels that receive blood from the arteries

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47
Q

veins

A

carry blood to the heartt

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48
Q

venules

A

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

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49
Q

capillaries

A

where gas exchange occurs

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50
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange & returns it to the heartt

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51
Q

diastole

A

heartt is relaxed

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52
Q

systole

A

when heartt contacts

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53
Q

dorsal cavity

A

back or posterior body surface and divided into cranial cavity and vertebral/spinal cavity

54
Q

ventral cavity

A

front or anterior and divided into thoracic/chest cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

55
Q

scrotal cavity

A

found only in males-contains the male reproductive organs

56
Q

epithelial tissue

A

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out

57
Q

squamous cell

A

irregular shape, flattened edges

58
Q

muscle tissue

A

composed of muscle fibers; most abundant tissue type

59
Q

skeletal tissue

A

attached to bones by tendons; responsible for voluntary movements; striped or striated in appearance

60
Q

pulse

A

the rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood during contraction of ventricles in systole

61
Q

plasma composition

A

90% water and 10% dissolved salts, proteins, ions, hormones

62
Q

blood composition

A

55% plasma, 45% formed elements

63
Q

red blood cells

A

carry oxygen

64
Q

white blood cells

A

fight infection

65
Q

platelets

A

blood clotting

66
Q

antigen

A

molecule that elicits an immune response

67
Q

pathogen

A

disease-causing agent (viruses, bacteria)

68
Q

antibody

A

a plasma protein that attaches to an antigen and help counter its effects(y-shaped protein)

69
Q

active immunity

A

when an antigen enters the body naturally, the body is stimulated to produce antibodies in its own defense(causes long term memory)

70
Q

passive immunity

A

antibodies are made somewhere else and are injected or passed to another individual(short term memory)

71
Q

antimicrobial proteins

A

attack microorganisms directly or impede reproduction

72
Q

portal of exit

A

any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave(cough)

73
Q

portal of entry

A

any body opening on an uninfected person that allows pathogens to enter(rubbing eyes)

74
Q

specific immune response

A

activated only when the nonspecific defense mechanisms have failed

75
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells

76
Q

B cells

A

secrete antibodies that bind to the pathogen in the bloodstream

77
Q

humoral immunity

A

B cells produce antibodies

78
Q

autoimmune disease

A

immune system turns against the body’s own molecules

79
Q

immunodeficiency disease

A

caused by lack of one of more components of the immune system(susceptible to infections that usually wouldn’t cause a problem)

80
Q

sensory input

A

the conduction of signals from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

81
Q

motor output

A

conduction of signals from a processing center to effector cells that actually perform the work

82
Q

neurons

A

main cell of the nervous system: can not be regenerated

83
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight; arouses the body

84
Q

sensory nervous system

A

detects stimuli & transmits information from receptors to the CNS

85
Q

motor nervous system

A

performs the work

86
Q

nerves

A

carries signals in & out of the CNS

87
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest & digest; calms body down

88
Q

non-myelinated neruron

A

makes connections with other neurons; integration(gray matter)(doesn’t have myelin sheath)(in the CNS)

89
Q

myelinated neuron

A

transmission (white matter) (in the PNS)

90
Q

motor neuron

A

effector neurons; perform the work

91
Q

sensory neurons

A

affector neurons; perceive the stimuli

92
Q

axon

A

passing the impulse

93
Q

axonal bulb

A

site of neurotransmitter synthesis

94
Q

myelin sheath

A

protects the axon

95
Q

synaptic gap or cleft

A

the tiny gap at the synapse

96
Q

excitatory synapse

A

stimulate the propagation of the nerve impulse

97
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released from the axonal bulb

98
Q

neuromodulators

A

chemicals which change the action of neurotransmitters (alcohol)

99
Q

diecephalon

A

thalamus (relay center) & hypothalamus (links body with mind)

100
Q

testis

A

structure which houses the seminiferous tubules

101
Q

epididymis

A

storage compartment for sperm (4 weeks)

102
Q

vas deferens

A

(sperm duct) tubules which conduct sperms from the epididymis through the penis through ejaculation

103
Q

urethra

A

carries both urine and sperm to the outside of the body through the penis

104
Q

glans

A

head of the penis, supplied with nerve endings and is highly sensitive to stimulation

105
Q

meatus

A

opening in the glans

106
Q

seminal vesicles

A

secrete a thick, clear fluid which lubricates & nourishes the sperm

107
Q

prostate gland

A

secretes a milky, alkaline fluid that helps protect the sperm from the natural acidity of the vagina

108
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

secrete fluid during sexual arousal that help lubricate the urethra thereby helping the sperm move through it. the pre-ejaculatory fluid may contain sperm

109
Q

ovaries

A

almond-shaped structures which contain 40,000-400,000 follicles

110
Q

fallopian tubes or oviducts

A

resembles a funnel fringed with fingerlike projections. The mature egg will pass from the ovaries to these tubes to the uterus

111
Q

uterus

A

womb; active site of pregnancy

112
Q

endometrium

A

inner lining of the uterus

113
Q

cervix

A

narrow neck of the uterus

114
Q

labia minora

A

smaller pair of skin folds that protect the vaginal opening

115
Q

bartholin’s glands

A

located near the vaginal opening. secrete lubricating fluid during sexual arousal

116
Q

clitoris

A

sole purpose is sexual arousal

117
Q

menstruation

A

Last phase of the menstrual cycle in which the lining of the uterus along with blood and the unfertilized ovum are discharged through the vagina.

118
Q

union of sperm & egg is a

A

zygote

119
Q

By the fourth day after conception, the developing organism is a

A

morula

120
Q

by the sixth day the morula is called

A

blastula

121
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland; secretes ACTH, FSH, LH

122
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulates ovaries

123
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

stimulates gonads to produce sex hormones

124
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

produces calcitonin (decrease blood calcium levels)

125
Q

insulin

A

promotes glycogenesis(production of glycogen) this lowers blood sugar levels

126
Q

first week of delevopment

A

Fertilization, cleavage, implantation

127
Q

second week of development

A

gastrulation(formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

128
Q

third week of development

A

neurulation (development of NS) & initiation of heartt beat

129
Q

fourth week of development

A

organogenesis (formation of organs)

130
Q

fifth week of development

A

arm & leg buds form

131
Q

sixth week of development

A

muscle & skin finish developing

132
Q

seventh & eighth week of development

A

every major organ in place & functioning embryo becomes fetus

bio 101 (5 decks)

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