FINAL Flashcards
cardiac tissue
forms the contractile tissue of theheart ; striated in appearance; under involuntary contractions
smooth tissue
lack of striations; walls of digestive tract, urinary bladder, & arteries; involuntary control
nervous tissue
forms a communication & coordination within the body; main cell is a neuron
connective tissue
synthesizes the matrix; small amount of cells scattered through the matrix
loose connective tissue
most common; holds organs in place
adipose connective tissue
contains fats which insulates the body & stores energy
blood connective tissue
fluid matrix called plasma; transport substances
integumentary system
skin, hair, nails
skeletal system
supports body structure & protect organs
muscular system
produces body movement & body heat
nervous system
detect changes inside & outside the body
endocrine system
produce hormones which regulate body activity
digestive system
converts food molecules into forms that are absorbed
respiratory system
exchanges gases between air & blood
circulatory system
transports materials to & from cells; help stabilize the internal pH & temp
reproductive system
females: eggs
males: produce sperm
digestive system
convert polymers into monomers to be absorbed by the cell
assimilation
using absorbed food for growth
mechanical digestion
teeth & tongue & churning of stomach
chemical digestion
enzymes break down food into smaller molecules
amylase
enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in carbs
zymogen
inactive form of an enzyme
salivary gland
glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion
fundus
upper portion of the stomach
body
central portion of the stomach
pylorus
bottom of stomach
cardiac sphincter
opening from the esophagus to the stomach
pyloric sphincter
opening from pylorus to intestines
function of stomach
temporary storage of food. mixing of food with gastric juices. regulation of a slow, controlled emptying of food into the intestine
parietal cells secrete
hydrochloric acid
chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
duodenum
first part of the small intestine
jejunum
middle portion of the small intestine
ileum
third part of the small intestine
function of the small intestine
digestion & absorption of nutrients
cecum
first part of the large intestine
colon
middle section of the large intestine
rectum
end of large intestine
function of large intestine
water absorption & eliminate fecal matter
systemic circuit
carries blood between the heartt & the rest of the body
liver
site of cholesterol synthesis & detoxify body
pancreas
make insulin which controls blood sugar levels
which side of the heartt handles oxygen-poor blood
right
which side of the heartt handles oxygen rich blood
left
arteries
carry blood away from the ♡
arterioles
vessels that receive blood from the arteries
veins
carry blood to the heartt
venules
small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
capillaries
where gas exchange occurs
pulmonary circuit
carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange & returns it to the heartt
diastole
heartt is relaxed
systole
when heartt contacts
dorsal cavity
back or posterior body surface and divided into cranial cavity and vertebral/spinal cavity
ventral cavity
front or anterior and divided into thoracic/chest cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
scrotal cavity
found only in males-contains the male reproductive organs
epithelial tissue
A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out
squamous cell
irregular shape, flattened edges
muscle tissue
composed of muscle fibers; most abundant tissue type
skeletal tissue
attached to bones by tendons; responsible for voluntary movements; striped or striated in appearance
pulse
the rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood during contraction of ventricles in systole
plasma composition
90% water and 10% dissolved salts, proteins, ions, hormones
blood composition
55% plasma, 45% formed elements
red blood cells
carry oxygen
white blood cells
fight infection
platelets
blood clotting
antigen
molecule that elicits an immune response
pathogen
disease-causing agent (viruses, bacteria)
antibody
a plasma protein that attaches to an antigen and help counter its effects(y-shaped protein)
active immunity
when an antigen enters the body naturally, the body is stimulated to produce antibodies in its own defense(causes long term memory)
passive immunity
antibodies are made somewhere else and are injected or passed to another individual(short term memory)
antimicrobial proteins
attack microorganisms directly or impede reproduction
portal of exit
any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave(cough)
portal of entry
any body opening on an uninfected person that allows pathogens to enter(rubbing eyes)
specific immune response
activated only when the nonspecific defense mechanisms have failed
lymphocytes
white blood cells
B cells
secrete antibodies that bind to the pathogen in the bloodstream
humoral immunity
B cells produce antibodies
autoimmune disease
immune system turns against the body’s own molecules
immunodeficiency disease
caused by lack of one of more components of the immune system(susceptible to infections that usually wouldn’t cause a problem)
sensory input
the conduction of signals from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
motor output
conduction of signals from a processing center to effector cells that actually perform the work
neurons
main cell of the nervous system: can not be regenerated
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight; arouses the body
sensory nervous system
detects stimuli & transmits information from receptors to the CNS
motor nervous system
performs the work
nerves
carries signals in & out of the CNS
parasympathetic nervous system
rest & digest; calms body down
non-myelinated neruron
makes connections with other neurons; integration(gray matter)(doesn’t have myelin sheath)(in the CNS)
myelinated neuron
transmission (white matter) (in the PNS)
motor neuron
effector neurons; perform the work
sensory neurons
affector neurons; perceive the stimuli
axon
passing the impulse
axonal bulb
site of neurotransmitter synthesis
myelin sheath
protects the axon
synaptic gap or cleft
the tiny gap at the synapse
excitatory synapse
stimulate the propagation of the nerve impulse
neurotransmitters
chemicals released from the axonal bulb
neuromodulators
chemicals which change the action of neurotransmitters (alcohol)
diecephalon
thalamus (relay center) & hypothalamus (links body with mind)
testis
structure which houses the seminiferous tubules
epididymis
storage compartment for sperm (4 weeks)
vas deferens
(sperm duct) tubules which conduct sperms from the epididymis through the penis through ejaculation
urethra
carries both urine and sperm to the outside of the body through the penis
glans
head of the penis, supplied with nerve endings and is highly sensitive to stimulation
meatus
opening in the glans
seminal vesicles
secrete a thick, clear fluid which lubricates & nourishes the sperm
prostate gland
secretes a milky, alkaline fluid that helps protect the sperm from the natural acidity of the vagina
bulbourethral glands
secrete fluid during sexual arousal that help lubricate the urethra thereby helping the sperm move through it. the pre-ejaculatory fluid may contain sperm
ovaries
almond-shaped structures which contain 40,000-400,000 follicles
fallopian tubes or oviducts
resembles a funnel fringed with fingerlike projections. The mature egg will pass from the ovaries to these tubes to the uterus
uterus
womb; active site of pregnancy
endometrium
inner lining of the uterus
cervix
narrow neck of the uterus
labia minora
smaller pair of skin folds that protect the vaginal opening
bartholin’s glands
located near the vaginal opening. secrete lubricating fluid during sexual arousal
clitoris
sole purpose is sexual arousal
menstruation
Last phase of the menstrual cycle in which the lining of the uterus along with blood and the unfertilized ovum are discharged through the vagina.
union of sperm & egg is a
zygote
By the fourth day after conception, the developing organism is a
morula
by the sixth day the morula is called
blastula
pituitary gland
master gland; secretes ACTH, FSH, LH
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates ovaries
luteinizing hormone (LH)
stimulates gonads to produce sex hormones
parathyroid hormone
produces calcitonin (decrease blood calcium levels)
insulin
promotes glycogenesis(production of glycogen) this lowers blood sugar levels
first week of delevopment
Fertilization, cleavage, implantation
second week of development
gastrulation(formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
third week of development
neurulation (development of NS) & initiation of heartt beat
fourth week of development
organogenesis (formation of organs)
fifth week of development
arm & leg buds form
sixth week of development
muscle & skin finish developing
seventh & eighth week of development
every major organ in place & functioning embryo becomes fetus
