chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
macro evolution
A
evolutionary relationships among higher species
2
Q
micro evolution
A
changes in gene frequency
3
Q
population
A
members of a single species occupying a particular area at the same time
4
Q
gene pool
A
all of the alleles (DNA traits) in a population
5
Q
p2
A
homozygous dominant 25%
6
Q
2pq
A
heterozygous 50%
7
Q
q2
A
homozygous recessive 25%
8
Q
1
A
total population size
9
Q
conditions to maintain a 1:2:1 gene frequency
A
no mutations, no genetic drift, no gene flow, random mating, no selection
10
Q
how does one change the 1:2:1 gene frequency
A
mutations, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, natural selection
11
Q
differential reproduction
A
organisms with the best adaptations are most likely to survive & reproduce
12
Q
stabilizing selection
A
selects for the heterozygous & selects against homozygous dominant & recessive (gene frequency is 0:4:0)
13
Q
directional selection
A
selects against heterozygous and selects either homozygous dominant (4:0:0) or recessive (0:0:4)
14
Q
disruptive selection
A
selects for both homozygous & against heterozygous (2:0:2)
15
Q
allopatric speciation
A
require the presence of a physical barrier (the physical barrier reduces genetic flow)
16
Q
sympatric speciation
A
does not require the presence of a physical barrier; reproductive isolating mechanisms reduce interbreeding
17
Q
speciation
A
development of a new species
18
Q
predating isolating mechanisms
A
mechanisms that prevent mating between species
19
Q
habitat isolation
A
organisms in the same area but different parts of that area
20
Q
temporal isolation
A
when two species breed at different times of day, season or years
21
Q
behavioral isolation
A
they are not attracted to each other
22
Q
mechanical isolation
A
genitals may not be physically compatible
23
Q
postmating isolation mechanisms
A
mechanisms that prevent the formation of vigorous, fertile hybrids between species
24
Q
gamete isolation
A
even if they are physically compatible, an embryo will not form if the egg and sperm do not properly fuse
25
zygote mortality
even if the fertilization occurs, the offspring may not survive
26
hybrid sterility
if the zygote survive, it may not reproduce
27
f2 fitness
if hybrid is able to reproduce, its offspring may not survive
28
ecology
allows one to study the interactions of organisms with the environment
29
ecosystem
contains communities & non living things
30
biosphere
potion of the earths surface where living things exist
31
terrestrial biomes are characterized by
climate, vegetation & type of animals
32
estuaries
where rivers meet sea
33
ocean zones
intertidal, pelagic, benthic
34
intertidal zones
where land meets water
35
pelagic zones
open ocean
36
benthic zone
seafloor
37
population ecology
factors that influence a population size, growth rate of the population, density, & features of the population structure
38
population dynamics
focuses on the relationships that exist among the different species in a community
39
lag phase
the organism is adjusting to the environment; plenty of space & nutrients
40
log phase
exponential growth; space & nutrients will begin to decrease
41
stationary phase
carrying capacity of the land; population size does not increase or decrease. birth=death
42
population dependent growth factor
facts that affect population density include logistic growth & carrying capacity of land
43
population independent growth facor
population growth is limited by natural disasters
44
competition
two populations compete for the same resources
45
interspecific competition
competition between members of different species
46
intraspecific completion
competition between members of the same species
47
symbiotic relationship
the relationship between two species that live in close association with each other
48
parasitism
a relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits & the other is harmed
49
commensalism
a relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits & the other is unaffected
50
mutualism
a relationship between two species in which bot species benefit
51
basic body plan
the body can be divided in to different components-cavities, tissue types & systems
52
cavities
spaces within the body which contain organs or viscera
53
dorsal cavity
back or posterior body surface & divided into cranial & vertebral/spinal cavity
54
cranial cavity
hold the brain & vertebral/spinal cavity
55
ventral cavity
front or anterior & divided into thoracic/chest cavity & abdominopelvic cavity
56
abdominal cavity
contains stomach, intestines, spleen & liver & other organs
57
pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs & rectum
58
scrotal cavity
found only in males-contains the male reproductive organs
59
epithelial tissue
a body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body inside & out; responsible for secretions & absorption
60
squamous cell
irregular shape, flattened edges
61
cuboidal cell
cube shaped cells
62
columnar cell
column shaped cells
63
muscle tissue
composed of muscle fibers; most abundant tissue type
64
skeletal tissue
attached to bones by tendons; responsible for voluntary movements; striped or striated in appearance
65
cardiac tissue
forms the contractile tissue of the heart; striated in appearance; under involuntary contraction
66
smooth tissue
lack of stations, walls of digestive tract, urinary bladder, & arteries; involuntary control
67
nervous tissue
forms a communication & coordination within the body; main cell is a neuron
68
connective tissue
synthesizes the matrix; small amount of cells scattered through the matrix
69
loose connective tissue
most common, holds organs in place
70
adipose connective tissue
provides insulation for the body & contains fat
71
blood connective tissue
fluid extracellular matrix used to transport substances throughout the body
72
integumentary system
skin, primary defense against infection, largest system
73
skeletal system
support body structure & protects organs
74
muscular system
produces movement & body heat
75
nervous system
detect changes inside & outside the body
76
endocrine system
produces hormones which regulate body activity
77
digestive system
converts food into molecules that can be absorbed by cells
78
respiratory system
exchanges gases between air & blood
79
circulatory system
transports materials to & from cells; helps stabilize the internal pH & temp
80
lymphatic system (immune system)
defends the body against infection
81
urinary system
maintain the volume & composition of the internal environment; excretion of fluid & blood-bone waste
82
reproductive system
females: produce eggs
males: produce & transfer sperm
83
assimilation
using absorbed food for growth
84
chemical digestion
enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use
85
amylase
enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in carbs
86
lipid digestion
begins in the stomach, completed in the small intestines
87
the gall bladder releases ___ to aid in lipid digestion
bile
88
lipid---->_____+3_____
glycerol & 3 fatty acids
89
protein digestion
starts in stomach & completed in small intestine
90
protease
enzyme that digests protein
91
zymogen
inactive form of an enzyme
92
organs of the alimentary canal
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
93
salivary gland
secretes saliva for digestion of starch
94
fundus
enlarged posterior portion of stomach
95
body
central portion of the stomach
96
pylorus
narrow inferior portion of stomach (bottom)
97
function of stomach
regulation of a slow, controlled emptying of food into the intestine
98
parietal cells secrete
hydrochloric acid
99
chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
100
small intestines
chemical digestion and nutrient absorption; one inch in diameter & 20 feet long
101
duodenum
first 10 to 12 inches of the small intestine
102
jejunum
next 8 feet of small intestine
103
ileum
last 12 feet of small intestine
104
large intestine
reclaims water; 2 1/2 inches diameter & 5-6 feet long
105
cecum
first 2-3 inches of large intestine
106
colon
middle 5 feet of large intestine
107
rectum
last 7-8 inches of large intestine
108
liver
site of cholesterol synthesis & detoxify body
109
systemic circulation
carry blood away from the heart & body
110
pancreas
produces several enzymes, produce bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic gastric juices, make insulin which controls blood sugar levels
111
heart
composed of cardiac muscle tissue
112
right side of heart
handles oxygen poor or carbon dioxide rich blood (body)
113
left side of heart
handles only oxygen rich or carbon dioxide poor blood (lungs)
114
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
115
arterioles
small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
116
veins
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
117
venules
small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
118
capillaries
where gas exchange occurs
119
pulmonary circulation
flow of blood from the heart to the lungs & back to the heart
120
where the heart is relaxed
diastole
121
when the heart contracts
systole
122
blood pressure
created by beating of the heart
123
blood pressure ranges between ___ systolic
110 & 140 mm Ha
124
blood pressure ranges between ___ diastolic
70-90 mm Ha
125
low blood pressure
systolic pressure of 100 or below
126
high blood pressure
hypertension; 140 mm Hg or higher
127
pulse
the rhythmic stretching go the Arties caused by the pressure of blood during contraction of ventricles in systole
128
composition of blood
55% plasma 45% formed elements
129
composition of plasma
90% water & 10% dissolved substances (salts, proteins, ions, hormones)
130
red blood cells
blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells
131
white blood cells
blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease causing microorganisms
132
platelets
blood clotting
