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bio 101 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

macro evolution

A

evolutionary relationships among higher species

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2
Q

micro evolution

A

changes in gene frequency

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3
Q

population

A

members of a single species occupying a particular area at the same time

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4
Q

gene pool

A

all of the alleles (DNA traits) in a population

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5
Q

p2

A

homozygous dominant 25%

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6
Q

2pq

A

heterozygous 50%

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7
Q

q2

A

homozygous recessive 25%

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8
Q

1

A

total population size

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9
Q

conditions to maintain a 1:2:1 gene frequency

A

no mutations, no genetic drift, no gene flow, random mating, no selection

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10
Q

how does one change the 1:2:1 gene frequency

A

mutations, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, natural selection

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11
Q

differential reproduction

A

organisms with the best adaptations are most likely to survive & reproduce

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12
Q

stabilizing selection

A

selects for the heterozygous & selects against homozygous dominant & recessive (gene frequency is 0:4:0)

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13
Q

directional selection

A

selects against heterozygous and selects either homozygous dominant (4:0:0) or recessive (0:0:4)

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14
Q

disruptive selection

A

selects for both homozygous & against heterozygous (2:0:2)

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15
Q

allopatric speciation

A

require the presence of a physical barrier (the physical barrier reduces genetic flow)

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16
Q

sympatric speciation

A

does not require the presence of a physical barrier; reproductive isolating mechanisms reduce interbreeding

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17
Q

speciation

A

development of a new species

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18
Q

predating isolating mechanisms

A

mechanisms that prevent mating between species

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19
Q

habitat isolation

A

organisms in the same area but different parts of that area

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20
Q

temporal isolation

A

when two species breed at different times of day, season or years

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21
Q

behavioral isolation

A

they are not attracted to each other

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22
Q

mechanical isolation

A

genitals may not be physically compatible

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23
Q

postmating isolation mechanisms

A

mechanisms that prevent the formation of vigorous, fertile hybrids between species

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24
Q

gamete isolation

A

even if they are physically compatible, an embryo will not form if the egg and sperm do not properly fuse

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25
Q

zygote mortality

A

even if the fertilization occurs, the offspring may not survive

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26
Q

hybrid sterility

A

if the zygote survive, it may not reproduce

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27
Q

f2 fitness

A

if hybrid is able to reproduce, its offspring may not survive

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28
Q

ecology

A

allows one to study the interactions of organisms with the environment

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29
Q

ecosystem

A

contains communities & non living things

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30
Q

biosphere

A

potion of the earths surface where living things exist

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31
Q

terrestrial biomes are characterized by

A

climate, vegetation & type of animals

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32
Q

estuaries

A

where rivers meet sea

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33
Q

ocean zones

A

intertidal, pelagic, benthic

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34
Q

intertidal zones

A

where land meets water

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35
Q

pelagic zones

A

open ocean

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36
Q

benthic zone

A

seafloor

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37
Q

population ecology

A

factors that influence a population size, growth rate of the population, density, & features of the population structure

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38
Q

population dynamics

A

focuses on the relationships that exist among the different species in a community

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39
Q

lag phase

A

the organism is adjusting to the environment; plenty of space & nutrients

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40
Q

log phase

A

exponential growth; space & nutrients will begin to decrease

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41
Q

stationary phase

A

carrying capacity of the land; population size does not increase or decrease. birth=death

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42
Q

population dependent growth factor

A

facts that affect population density include logistic growth & carrying capacity of land

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43
Q

population independent growth facor

A

population growth is limited by natural disasters

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44
Q

competition

A

two populations compete for the same resources

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45
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between members of different species

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46
Q

intraspecific completion

A

competition between members of the same species

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47
Q

symbiotic relationship

A

the relationship between two species that live in close association with each other

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48
Q

parasitism

A

a relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits & the other is harmed

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49
Q

commensalism

A

a relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits & the other is unaffected

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50
Q

mutualism

A

a relationship between two species in which bot species benefit

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51
Q

basic body plan

A

the body can be divided in to different components-cavities, tissue types & systems

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52
Q

cavities

A

spaces within the body which contain organs or viscera

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53
Q

dorsal cavity

A

back or posterior body surface & divided into cranial & vertebral/spinal cavity

54
Q

cranial cavity

A

hold the brain & vertebral/spinal cavity

55
Q

ventral cavity

A

front or anterior & divided into thoracic/chest cavity & abdominopelvic cavity

56
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains stomach, intestines, spleen & liver & other organs

57
Q

pelvic cavity

A

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs & rectum

58
Q

scrotal cavity

A

found only in males-contains the male reproductive organs

59
Q

epithelial tissue

A

a body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body inside & out; responsible for secretions & absorption

60
Q

squamous cell

A

irregular shape, flattened edges

61
Q

cuboidal cell

A

cube shaped cells

62
Q

columnar cell

A

column shaped cells

63
Q

muscle tissue

A

composed of muscle fibers; most abundant tissue type

64
Q

skeletal tissue

A

attached to bones by tendons; responsible for voluntary movements; striped or striated in appearance

65
Q

cardiac tissue

A

forms the contractile tissue of the heart; striated in appearance; under involuntary contraction

66
Q

smooth tissue

A

lack of stations, walls of digestive tract, urinary bladder, & arteries; involuntary control

67
Q

nervous tissue

A

forms a communication & coordination within the body; main cell is a neuron

68
Q

connective tissue

A

synthesizes the matrix; small amount of cells scattered through the matrix

69
Q

loose connective tissue

A

most common, holds organs in place

70
Q

adipose connective tissue

A

provides insulation for the body & contains fat

71
Q

blood connective tissue

A

fluid extracellular matrix used to transport substances throughout the body

72
Q

integumentary system

A

skin, primary defense against infection, largest system

73
Q

skeletal system

A

support body structure & protects organs

74
Q

muscular system

A

produces movement & body heat

75
Q

nervous system

A

detect changes inside & outside the body

76
Q

endocrine system

A

produces hormones which regulate body activity

77
Q

digestive system

A

converts food into molecules that can be absorbed by cells

78
Q

respiratory system

A

exchanges gases between air & blood

79
Q

circulatory system

A

transports materials to & from cells; helps stabilize the internal pH & temp

80
Q

lymphatic system (immune system)

A

defends the body against infection

81
Q

urinary system

A

maintain the volume & composition of the internal environment; excretion of fluid & blood-bone waste

82
Q

reproductive system

A

females: produce eggs
males: produce & transfer sperm

83
Q

assimilation

A

using absorbed food for growth

84
Q

chemical digestion

A

enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use

85
Q

amylase

A

enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in carbs

86
Q

lipid digestion

A

begins in the stomach, completed in the small intestines

87
Q

the gall bladder releases ___ to aid in lipid digestion

A

bile

88
Q

lipid—->_____+3_____

A

glycerol & 3 fatty acids

89
Q

protein digestion

A

starts in stomach & completed in small intestine

90
Q

protease

A

enzyme that digests protein

91
Q

zymogen

A

inactive form of an enzyme

92
Q

organs of the alimentary canal

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

93
Q

salivary gland

A

secretes saliva for digestion of starch

94
Q

fundus

A

enlarged posterior portion of stomach

95
Q

body

A

central portion of the stomach

96
Q

pylorus

A

narrow inferior portion of stomach (bottom)

97
Q

function of stomach

A

regulation of a slow, controlled emptying of food into the intestine

98
Q

parietal cells secrete

A

hydrochloric acid

99
Q

chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen

100
Q

small intestines

A

chemical digestion and nutrient absorption; one inch in diameter & 20 feet long

101
Q

duodenum

A

first 10 to 12 inches of the small intestine

102
Q

jejunum

A

next 8 feet of small intestine

103
Q

ileum

A

last 12 feet of small intestine

104
Q

large intestine

A

reclaims water; 2 1/2 inches diameter & 5-6 feet long

105
Q

cecum

A

first 2-3 inches of large intestine

106
Q

colon

A

middle 5 feet of large intestine

107
Q

rectum

A

last 7-8 inches of large intestine

108
Q

liver

A

site of cholesterol synthesis & detoxify body

109
Q

systemic circulation

A

carry blood away from the heart & body

110
Q

pancreas

A

produces several enzymes, produce bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic gastric juices, make insulin which controls blood sugar levels

111
Q

heart

A

composed of cardiac muscle tissue

112
Q

right side of heart

A

handles oxygen poor or carbon dioxide rich blood (body)

113
Q

left side of heart

A

handles only oxygen rich or carbon dioxide poor blood (lungs)

114
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

115
Q

arterioles

A

small vessels that receive blood from the arteries

116
Q

veins

A

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

117
Q

venules

A

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

118
Q

capillaries

A

where gas exchange occurs

119
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs & back to the heart

120
Q

where the heart is relaxed

A

diastole

121
Q

when the heart contracts

A

systole

122
Q

blood pressure

A

created by beating of the heart

123
Q

blood pressure ranges between ___ systolic

A

110 & 140 mm Ha

124
Q

blood pressure ranges between ___ diastolic

A

70-90 mm Ha

125
Q

low blood pressure

A

systolic pressure of 100 or below

126
Q

high blood pressure

A

hypertension; 140 mm Hg or higher

127
Q

pulse

A

the rhythmic stretching go the Arties caused by the pressure of blood during contraction of ventricles in systole

128
Q

composition of blood

A

55% plasma 45% formed elements

129
Q

composition of plasma

A

90% water & 10% dissolved substances (salts, proteins, ions, hormones)

130
Q

red blood cells

A

blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells

131
Q

white blood cells

A

blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease causing microorganisms

132
Q

platelets

A

blood clotting

bio 101 (5 decks)

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