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chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 levels of organization

A

cellular level, organismal level, populational level

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2
Q

atoms

A

smallest unit of an element

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3
Q

elements

A

substances that cant be degraded into a different substance

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4
Q

compounds

A

composed of 2 or more elements in unvarying proportions

Example: H2O

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5
Q

Biomolecule

A

Molecules of life

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid

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6
Q

organelles

A

membrane bound SACS with specialized functions

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7
Q

cells

A

smallest living unit

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8
Q

The 2 types of cells

A

Prokaryote & Eukaryote

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9
Q

Prokaryote

A

“simple Cells” DONT have compartmentalized organelles

Example- bacteria

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10
Q

Eukaryote

A

“complex cells” WILL have compartmentalized organelles

example- skin cell

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11
Q

Tissues

A

composed of a group of cells performing a specialized function

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12
Q

Organs

A

Composed of tissue in a specific pattern to cause a specific function

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13
Q

systems

A

composed of 2 or more organs that are interacting

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14
Q

characteristics of living things

A

have organization, need energy, respond to a stimulus, adaptation, want homeostasis, reproduction, mitosis, meiosis, develop & grow, locomotion

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15
Q

anabolism

A

“synthesis” combining small molecules to make large molecules

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16
Q

catabolism

A

“degradation” breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules and creating energy

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17
Q

Mitosis

A

reproduction of somatic (non-sex cells) cells

cells are genetically identical

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18
Q

meiosis

A

reproduction of sex cells (sperm & egg)

cells are NOT genetically identical

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19
Q

locomotion

A

ability to move cellular locomotion

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20
Q

cilia

A

hair like projections on cells

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21
Q

flagellum

A

whip like structure found on sperm

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22
Q

pseudopodia

A

“false feet”

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23
Q

atomic number

A

total number of protons an element has. tells number of electrons

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24
Q

mass number/atomic weight

A

weight of all protons & weight of all neutrons

weight of nucleus

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25
isotopes
different forms of SAME element. same number of electrons & protons BUT different number of neutrons
26
columns
elements in same column have same number of electrons that can participate in forming a bond
27
rows
elements in the same row have same number of energy shells or orbitals
28
4 types of sub orbitals
S=2 electrons P=6 electrons D=10 electrons F=14 electrons
29
electronic configuration
language used to identify an element & to identify placement of electrons
30
Types of elements
noble gases, non-metals, metalloids & metals
31
noble gases
DONT participate in bond formation
32
non-metals
dull appearance & poor conductors of electricity, they accept electrons
33
metalloids
have metal & non-metal characteristics
34
metals
shiny, good conductors of electricity, donate electrons
35
chemical bonds
a union between the electrons of 2+ elements
36
ionic bonds
formed between a metal & non metal. complete transfer of electrons from a metal to a non metal. bonds are easily broken
37
two types of ions
anion & cation
38
anion
negative charged, accept electrons
39
cation
positively charged, donate electrons
40
covalent bonds
formed between 2+ nonmetals. theres a sharing of electrons. require a large amount of energy to be broken EX. H2O
41
Water is a...
polar molecule (hydrophilic-water loving)
42
Acids & bases
measured by the amount of H+ & OH- ions | uses pH scales as the method of measurement
43
pH scale
0 acidic 7 neutral 8 basic
44
buffering systems
a system which prevents large changes in pH
45
Molecules of life
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
46
two classes of molecules
inorganic & organic
47
inorganic
do not contain carbon in their backbone structure
48
organic
molecules that contain carbon in their backbone structure | Ex. proteins, carbohydrates, lipids & nucleic acids
49
different types of organic molecules
they each have their own functional group | functional groups cluster of atoms that impart distinct properties to a molecule
50
polymers
large molecules like proteins, lipids, nucleic acids & carbohydrates they are composed of monomers
51
monomers
smaller components of polymers
52
carbohydrates
can be a polymer (composed of sugar units) or a monomer (composed of a single sugar unit) most abundant biological molecules - hydrophilic
53
functions of carbohydrates
primary source of energy participate in cell- cell recognition responsible for the different blood types
54
different classes of carbohydrates
monosaccharides | disaccharides
55
monosaccharides
composed of a single sugar unit | EX glucose, fructose & galactose
56
disaccharides
composed of 2 sugar units held together by a glycosidic bond | EX sucrose, maltose, lactose
57
oligosaccharide
composed of 3-200 sugar units
58
polysaccharides
composed of many (hundreds-thousands) sugar units | EX starch & glycogen. Composed of glucose molecules
59
lipids
known as fats & triacylglycerides greasy or oily compounds that are hydroPHOBIC secondary source of energy
60
functions of lipids
provide insulation, maintain body temp, protect organs, precursors for sex hormones, components of the cells plasma membrane
61
structure of lipids
composed of a glycerol molecule with fatty acids tails (monomer)
62
classes of lipids
saturated & unsaturated
63
saturated lipids
DONT contain double bonds in their fatty acid chains. they are solid at room temp
64
unsaturated lipids
DO contain double bonds in their fatty acid chains, they are liquid at room temp
65
nucleic acids
composed of monomers of nucleotides (composed of sugar, phosphate group & nitrogen bases)
66
two types of nucleic acids
DNA & RNA
67
function of nucleic acids
serve as blue print for proteins
68
composition of nucleotides
DNA & RNA nitrogen bases - Purine (adenine & granine) Pyrimidines (thymine, cytosine & uracil) - phosphate group
69
DNA
sugar deoxyribose, bases (A=T) (C=G), location is nucleus & mitochondria structure is double stranded
70
RNA
ribose, A=U C=G, found in ribosomes, nucleus, cytoplasm. structure is single stranded
71
composition of proteins
monomers & amino acids
72
monomers
proteins are composed of amino acids
73
amino acids
chemical molecules that are composed of an amino group & a carboxyl group. held together by a peptide bond
74
R chain
helps identify the amino acid & gives its function
75
4 shapes of proteins
primary, secondary, teritary & quaternary
76
primary structure
amino acid sequence of the protein. its linear arrangement of the aminos acids which are held together by peptide bonds
77
secondary structure
represents the coiling or folding of the primary structure. held together by hydrogen bonds
78
teritary structure
represents the folding of the secondary structures. also held together by hydrogen bonds
79
quarternary structure
the final folding of the protein structure. it is held together by hydrogen bonds. these structures form subunits within the protein (100% active)
80
When non-covalent bonds are broken...
this disrupts the proteins 3D shape. AKA denaturation. it can be caused by changes in pH, temp & ionic concentration

bio 101 (5 decks)

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