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bio 101 > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 levels of organization

A

cellular level, organismal level, populational level

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2
Q

atoms

A

smallest unit of an element

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3
Q

elements

A

substances that cant be degraded into a different substance

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4
Q

compounds

A

composed of 2 or more elements in unvarying proportions

Example: H2O

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5
Q

Biomolecule

A

Molecules of life

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid

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6
Q

organelles

A

membrane bound SACS with specialized functions

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7
Q

cells

A

smallest living unit

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8
Q

The 2 types of cells

A

Prokaryote & Eukaryote

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9
Q

Prokaryote

A

“simple Cells” DONT have compartmentalized organelles

Example- bacteria

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10
Q

Eukaryote

A

“complex cells” WILL have compartmentalized organelles

example- skin cell

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11
Q

Tissues

A

composed of a group of cells performing a specialized function

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12
Q

Organs

A

Composed of tissue in a specific pattern to cause a specific function

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13
Q

systems

A

composed of 2 or more organs that are interacting

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14
Q

characteristics of living things

A

have organization, need energy, respond to a stimulus, adaptation, want homeostasis, reproduction, mitosis, meiosis, develop & grow, locomotion

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15
Q

anabolism

A

“synthesis” combining small molecules to make large molecules

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16
Q

catabolism

A

“degradation” breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules and creating energy

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17
Q

Mitosis

A

reproduction of somatic (non-sex cells) cells

cells are genetically identical

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18
Q

meiosis

A

reproduction of sex cells (sperm & egg)

cells are NOT genetically identical

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19
Q

locomotion

A

ability to move cellular locomotion

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20
Q

cilia

A

hair like projections on cells

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21
Q

flagellum

A

whip like structure found on sperm

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22
Q

pseudopodia

A

“false feet”

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23
Q

atomic number

A

total number of protons an element has. tells number of electrons

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24
Q

mass number/atomic weight

A

weight of all protons & weight of all neutrons

weight of nucleus

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25
Q

isotopes

A

different forms of SAME element. same number of electrons & protons BUT different number of neutrons

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26
Q

columns

A

elements in same column have same number of electrons that can participate in forming a bond

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27
Q

rows

A

elements in the same row have same number of energy shells or orbitals

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28
Q

4 types of sub orbitals

A

S=2 electrons
P=6 electrons
D=10 electrons
F=14 electrons

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29
Q

electronic configuration

A

language used to identify an element & to identify placement of electrons

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30
Q

Types of elements

A

noble gases, non-metals, metalloids & metals

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31
Q

noble gases

A

DONT participate in bond formation

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32
Q

non-metals

A

dull appearance & poor conductors of electricity, they accept electrons

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33
Q

metalloids

A

have metal & non-metal characteristics

34
Q

metals

A

shiny, good conductors of electricity, donate electrons

35
Q

chemical bonds

A

a union between the electrons of 2+ elements

36
Q

ionic bonds

A

formed between a metal & non metal. complete transfer of electrons from a metal to a non metal. bonds are easily broken

37
Q

two types of ions

A

anion & cation

38
Q

anion

A

negative charged, accept electrons

39
Q

cation

A

positively charged, donate electrons

40
Q

covalent bonds

A

formed between 2+ nonmetals. theres a sharing of electrons. require a large amount of energy to be broken
EX. H2O

41
Q

Water is a…

A

polar molecule (hydrophilic-water loving)

42
Q

Acids & bases

A

measured by the amount of H+ & OH- ions

uses pH scales as the method of measurement

43
Q

pH scale

A

0 acidic
7 neutral
8 basic

44
Q

buffering systems

A

a system which prevents large changes in pH

45
Q

Molecules of life

A

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

46
Q

two classes of molecules

A

inorganic & organic

47
Q

inorganic

A

do not contain carbon in their backbone structure

48
Q

organic

A

molecules that contain carbon in their backbone structure

Ex. proteins, carbohydrates, lipids & nucleic acids

49
Q

different types of organic molecules

A

they each have their own functional group

functional groups cluster of atoms that impart distinct properties to a molecule

50
Q

polymers

A

large molecules like proteins, lipids, nucleic acids & carbohydrates
they are composed of monomers

51
Q

monomers

A

smaller components of polymers

52
Q

carbohydrates

A

can be a polymer (composed of sugar units)
or a monomer (composed of a single sugar unit)
most abundant biological molecules - hydrophilic

53
Q

functions of carbohydrates

A

primary source of energy
participate in cell- cell recognition
responsible for the different blood types

54
Q

different classes of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

disaccharides

55
Q

monosaccharides

A

composed of a single sugar unit

EX glucose, fructose & galactose

56
Q

disaccharides

A

composed of 2 sugar units held together by a glycosidic bond

EX sucrose, maltose, lactose

57
Q

oligosaccharide

A

composed of 3-200 sugar units

58
Q

polysaccharides

A

composed of many (hundreds-thousands) sugar units

EX starch & glycogen. Composed of glucose molecules

59
Q

lipids

A

known as fats & triacylglycerides
greasy or oily compounds that are hydroPHOBIC
secondary source of energy

60
Q

functions of lipids

A

provide insulation, maintain body temp, protect organs, precursors for sex hormones, components of the cells plasma membrane

61
Q

structure of lipids

A

composed of a glycerol molecule with fatty acids tails (monomer)

62
Q

classes of lipids

A

saturated & unsaturated

63
Q

saturated lipids

A

DONT contain double bonds in their fatty acid chains. they are solid at room temp

64
Q

unsaturated lipids

A

DO contain double bonds in their fatty acid chains, they are liquid at room temp

65
Q

nucleic acids

A

composed of monomers of nucleotides (composed of sugar, phosphate group & nitrogen bases)

66
Q

two types of nucleic acids

A

DNA & RNA

67
Q

function of nucleic acids

A

serve as blue print for proteins

68
Q

composition of nucleotides

A

DNA & RNA
nitrogen bases - Purine (adenine & granine) Pyrimidines (thymine, cytosine & uracil)
- phosphate group

69
Q

DNA

A

sugar deoxyribose, bases (A=T) (C=G), location is nucleus & mitochondria structure is double stranded

70
Q

RNA

A

ribose, A=U C=G, found in ribosomes, nucleus, cytoplasm. structure is single stranded

71
Q

composition of proteins

A

monomers & amino acids

72
Q

monomers

A

proteins are composed of amino acids

73
Q

amino acids

A

chemical molecules that are composed of an amino group & a carboxyl group. held together by a peptide bond

74
Q

R chain

A

helps identify the amino acid & gives its function

75
Q

4 shapes of proteins

A

primary, secondary, teritary & quaternary

76
Q

primary structure

A

amino acid sequence of the protein. its linear arrangement of the aminos acids which are held together by peptide bonds

77
Q

secondary structure

A

represents the coiling or folding of the primary structure. held together by hydrogen bonds

78
Q

teritary structure

A

represents the folding of the secondary structures. also held together by hydrogen bonds

79
Q

quarternary structure

A

the final folding of the protein structure. it is held together by hydrogen bonds. these structures form subunits within the protein (100% active)

80
Q

When non-covalent bonds are broken…

A

this disrupts the proteins 3D shape. AKA denaturation. it can be caused by changes in pH, temp & ionic concentration

bio 101 (5 decks)

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