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chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalyst

are proteins, denaturation

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2
Q

enzyme functions

A

speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the energy of activation
they are specific (will catalyze specific reactions)

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3
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work. it cant be created or destroyed it can only change its form

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4
Q

metabolism

A

a process where energy is generated & expanded

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5
Q

two types of metabolic process

A

catabolism & anabolism

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6
Q

catabolism

A

degradative (breaks down)

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7
Q

anabolism

A

synthetic (breaks up)

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8
Q

reactants (substrates)

A

substances that enter the reactions

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9
Q

intermediates

A

compounds formed between the start & end of a pathway

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10
Q

products

A

substances present at the end of a pathway

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11
Q

photosynthesis

A

a process where carbon dioxide & water make sugar (anabolic reaction)

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12
Q

where does photosynthesis occur?

A

thylakoid membrane which are found in the chloroplasts

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13
Q

3 stages of photosynthesis

A

capturing of energy from sunlight
using sunlight energy to make atp & nadph
using atp & nadph to convert CO2 into glucose

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14
Q

2 phases of photosynthesis

A

light dependent reactions

during this phase, light energy is converted into atp & water is split to release O2

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15
Q

requirements for photosynthesis

A

sunlight, water, adp, nadp+, chlorophyll, electron acceptors

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16
Q

photolysis

A

using sunlight to break down water

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17
Q

light dependent reactions

A

cO2 is converted to glucose

requirements- atp, nadph, co2, RUBP (5 carbon molecule)

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18
Q

light independent reactions

A

press or convert co2 into glucose

adp & nadp+ are regenerated to be used in the light dependent reaction & the cycle begins again

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19
Q

two types of cellular respiration

A

anaerobic

aerobic

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20
Q

anaerobic

A

occurs in the absence of oxygen

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21
Q

aerobic

A

occurs in the presence of oxygen

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22
Q

when does the cell need energy?

A

based on levels on atp

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23
Q

when levels of atp are high….

A

cellular respiration is low

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24
Q

when levels of adp are high….

A

cellular respiration is moderate

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25
when levels of amp are high....
cellular respiration is high
26
where does cellular respiration occur?
mitochondria | structure - double membrate structure (cytoplasm)
27
aerobic respiration
C6H12O6+6O2--->6CO2+^H2O+38 moles of ATP | (beginning products of photosynthesis)
28
cellular respiration takes place in 4 stages
glycolysis, transitional phase, kreb cycle & electron transport chain
29
glycolysis
takes place in the cytoplasm of cell. converts glucose to pyruvate
30
transitional phase
takes place in the cytoplasm. converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA
31
kreb cycle
takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. converts acetyl CoA to nadh & fadh2 (energy yielding compounds)
32
energy transport chain
found on the inner mitochondria membrane converts nadh & fadh2 to atp
33
conversion rate
1 nadh- 3 atp's | 1 fadh2= 2 atp's
34
glycolysis
- divided into 2 phases: preparatory & pay-off -glycolysis means splitting of sugar -cells mist invest two atp molecules in this process end products : 2nadph, 4 atp, 2 pyruvate, -2 atp
35
transition phase
pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA | end products: 2 acetyl CoA +2 CO2 +2NADH
36
kreb cycle
acetyle CoA is converted to NADH & FADH2 | end products:6 NADH 2 atp 2fadh2
37
electron transport chain
the nadh's & fadh2's made in the kreb cycle are now converted to atp
38
plasma membrane
permits the flow of molecules across the membrane & contains receptors that can affect the cells activities
39
nucleus or nucleus region
all cells have a region that localized the DNA which can be copied, read & passed onto offspring
40
cytoplasm
all cells have a cytoplasm that contains membrane systems, particles, filaments & a semi-fluid substance
41
simple diffusion
small, non-polar molecules move freely across the membrane. direction of movement: high amounts-->low amounts
42
passive transport (facilitated diffusion)
the movement of any substance through a membrane. the movement is from high concentration to low concentration without using energy (requires a carrier)
43
active transport
the movement of water. it is a type of passive movement where water moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
44
osmosis
the movement of water. water movers from high concentration to lower concentration
45
hypotonic fluid
has a lower concentration of solute than fluid in the cell. water will then move into the cell & cause the cell to burst
46
hypertonic fluid
a greater concentration of solute than the fluid in the cell. water will move out & cause cell to shrink
47
isotonic fluid
same concentration of solute as the fluid in the cell. the concentration of water is equal so theres no movement of water
48
exocytosis
A process that move substance enclosed in small sacs from the interior portion of the cell to the outside
49
endocytosis
a process that moves substances enclosed in small sacs from the outside to the inside of the cell
50
pintocytosis
cell drinking
51
phagocytosis
cell eating
52
cell membrane
forms a continuous boundary layer around the cell. known as gatekeeper of cell.
53
peripheral membrane
proteins are loosely associated with the membrane
54
transmembrane
proteins span the length of the membrane
55
nucleus
brain of the cell. houses genetic information & isolates dna from the rest of the cell
56
nucleolus
found within the nucleus where subunits of ribosomes are made
57
endoplasmic reticulum
a collection of interconnected tubes & flattened sacs that begin at the cytoplasm
58
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
rough in appearance & are the site of protein synthesis
59
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
no ribosomes. site of lipid synthesis
60
golgi
post office of cell
61
lyosomes
house keepers of the cell
62
peroxisomes
vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids & amino acids (specific housekeepers)
63
mitochondria
power house of the cell. site of cellular respiration
64
cilia, flagella & pseudopods
provide locomotion for the cell (movement)
65
cytoskeleton
gives the cells their shape
66
vacuoles
storage of food
67
chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis
68
cell wall
provides protection for the cell membrane
69
cell cycle
s recurring sequence of events that extend from the time the cell forms until it dies
70
G1-growth
period where proteins, carbohydrates & lipids are needed by the cells made. also where its determined if a cell will cycle or die
71
G0
where cells go to die
72
restrictive point
where cell is checked for successful completion of protein, carbohydrate & lipid synthesis
73
S phase
where DNA is synthesized or copied
74
G2
where everything that is needed for mitosis is made
75
M phase (mitosis)
period of cell division
76
the 4 phases
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase | PMAT
77
mitosis
division of somatic cells. end product will be genetically identical cells
78
somatic cells
non-sex cells
79
chromosome
physical structure which housed DNA
80
chromatid
1/2 of a chromosome aka daughter chromosome. contains 1/2 of genetic information
81
chromosome number
tells how many of each type of chromosome is present in a cell
82
diploid 2N
has 2 copies
83
Haploid 1N
has 1 copy
84
tetraploid 4N
has 4 copies
85
G1, G2, & S are known as...
interphase. most metabolically active part of the cell cycle
86
prophase
chromosomes are short & thick. nuclear membrane begins to disappear. spindle fiber forms
87
metaphase
nuclear membrane completely disappears. chromosomes line up on equatorial place (middle of cell)
88
anaphase
division of cytoplasm begins. chromosome pull apart & chromatids go to opposite side of cell
89
telaphase
cytokinesis is completed. nuclear membrane reforms | end result: 2 genetically identical cells
90
meiosis
reduction division | occurs in 2 stages & in sex cells
91
homologous chromosomes
chromosomes with same genetic information
92
synapsis
2 homologous chromosomes are joined together
93
crossing over
exchange of genetic information between synapsed chromosome
94
bivalent
2 synapsed chromosomes
95
tetrad
4 synapsed chromatids
96
sister chromatids
chromatids from different chromosomes
97
non-sister chromatids
chromatids from different chromosomes
98
prophase 1
``` nucleic membrane begins to disappear chromosomes are short & thick spindle fibers form homologous chromosomes synapse crossing over occurs ```
99
metaphase 1
nuclear membrane has completely disappeared | homologous chromosome line up on equatorial plane
100
anaphase 1
cytokinesis begins | homologous chromosomes will separate & chromosomes go to opposite side of cell
101
telophase 1
cytokinesis is completed nuclear membrane reforms spindle fibers disappear
102
end result of meiosis
4 haploid cells that are genetically different

bio 101 (5 decks)

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