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chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalyst

are proteins, denaturation

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2
Q

enzyme functions

A

speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the energy of activation
they are specific (will catalyze specific reactions)

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3
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work. it cant be created or destroyed it can only change its form

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4
Q

metabolism

A

a process where energy is generated & expanded

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5
Q

two types of metabolic process

A

catabolism & anabolism

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6
Q

catabolism

A

degradative (breaks down)

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7
Q

anabolism

A

synthetic (breaks up)

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8
Q

reactants (substrates)

A

substances that enter the reactions

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9
Q

intermediates

A

compounds formed between the start & end of a pathway

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10
Q

products

A

substances present at the end of a pathway

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11
Q

photosynthesis

A

a process where carbon dioxide & water make sugar (anabolic reaction)

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12
Q

where does photosynthesis occur?

A

thylakoid membrane which are found in the chloroplasts

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13
Q

3 stages of photosynthesis

A

capturing of energy from sunlight
using sunlight energy to make atp & nadph
using atp & nadph to convert CO2 into glucose

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14
Q

2 phases of photosynthesis

A

light dependent reactions

during this phase, light energy is converted into atp & water is split to release O2

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15
Q

requirements for photosynthesis

A

sunlight, water, adp, nadp+, chlorophyll, electron acceptors

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16
Q

photolysis

A

using sunlight to break down water

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17
Q

light dependent reactions

A

cO2 is converted to glucose

requirements- atp, nadph, co2, RUBP (5 carbon molecule)

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18
Q

light independent reactions

A

press or convert co2 into glucose

adp & nadp+ are regenerated to be used in the light dependent reaction & the cycle begins again

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19
Q

two types of cellular respiration

A

anaerobic

aerobic

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20
Q

anaerobic

A

occurs in the absence of oxygen

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21
Q

aerobic

A

occurs in the presence of oxygen

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22
Q

when does the cell need energy?

A

based on levels on atp

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23
Q

when levels of atp are high….

A

cellular respiration is low

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24
Q

when levels of adp are high….

A

cellular respiration is moderate

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25
Q

when levels of amp are high….

A

cellular respiration is high

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26
Q

where does cellular respiration occur?

A

mitochondria

structure - double membrate structure (cytoplasm)

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27
Q

aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6+6O2—>6CO2+^H2O+38 moles of ATP

(beginning products of photosynthesis)

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28
Q

cellular respiration takes place in 4 stages

A

glycolysis, transitional phase, kreb cycle & electron transport chain

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29
Q

glycolysis

A

takes place in the cytoplasm of cell. converts glucose to pyruvate

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30
Q

transitional phase

A

takes place in the cytoplasm. converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA

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31
Q

kreb cycle

A

takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. converts acetyl CoA to nadh & fadh2 (energy yielding compounds)

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32
Q

energy transport chain

A

found on the inner mitochondria membrane converts nadh & fadh2 to atp

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33
Q

conversion rate

A

1 nadh- 3 atp’s

1 fadh2= 2 atp’s

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34
Q

glycolysis

A
  • divided into 2 phases: preparatory & pay-off
    -glycolysis means splitting of sugar
    -cells mist invest two atp molecules in this process
    end products : 2nadph, 4 atp, 2 pyruvate, -2 atp
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35
Q

transition phase

A

pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA

end products: 2 acetyl CoA +2 CO2 +2NADH

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36
Q

kreb cycle

A

acetyle CoA is converted to NADH & FADH2

end products:6 NADH 2 atp 2fadh2

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37
Q

electron transport chain

A

the nadh’s & fadh2’s made in the kreb cycle are now converted to atp

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38
Q

plasma membrane

A

permits the flow of molecules across the membrane & contains receptors that can affect the cells activities

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39
Q

nucleus or nucleus region

A

all cells have a region that localized the DNA which can be copied, read & passed onto offspring

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40
Q

cytoplasm

A

all cells have a cytoplasm that contains membrane systems, particles, filaments & a semi-fluid substance

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41
Q

simple diffusion

A

small, non-polar molecules move freely across the membrane. direction of movement: high amounts–>low amounts

42
Q

passive transport (facilitated diffusion)

A

the movement of any substance through a membrane. the movement is from high concentration to low concentration without using energy (requires a carrier)

43
Q

active transport

A

the movement of water. it is a type of passive movement where water moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

44
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of water. water movers from high concentration to lower concentration

45
Q

hypotonic fluid

A

has a lower concentration of solute than fluid in the cell. water will then move into the cell & cause the cell to burst

46
Q

hypertonic fluid

A

a greater concentration of solute than the fluid in the cell. water will move out & cause cell to shrink

47
Q

isotonic fluid

A

same concentration of solute as the fluid in the cell. the concentration of water is equal so theres no movement of water

48
Q

exocytosis

A

A process that move substance enclosed in small sacs from the interior portion of the cell to the outside

49
Q

endocytosis

A

a process that moves substances enclosed in small sacs from the outside to the inside of the cell

50
Q

pintocytosis

A

cell drinking

51
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating

52
Q

cell membrane

A

forms a continuous boundary layer around the cell. known as gatekeeper of cell.

53
Q

peripheral membrane

A

proteins are loosely associated with the membrane

54
Q

transmembrane

A

proteins span the length of the membrane

55
Q

nucleus

A

brain of the cell. houses genetic information & isolates dna from the rest of the cell

56
Q

nucleolus

A

found within the nucleus where subunits of ribosomes are made

57
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a collection of interconnected tubes & flattened sacs that begin at the cytoplasm

58
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

rough in appearance & are the site of protein synthesis

59
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

no ribosomes. site of lipid synthesis

60
Q

golgi

A

post office of cell

61
Q

lyosomes

A

house keepers of the cell

62
Q

peroxisomes

A

vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids & amino acids (specific housekeepers)

63
Q

mitochondria

A

power house of the cell. site of cellular respiration

64
Q

cilia, flagella & pseudopods

A

provide locomotion for the cell (movement)

65
Q

cytoskeleton

A

gives the cells their shape

66
Q

vacuoles

A

storage of food

67
Q

chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

68
Q

cell wall

A

provides protection for the cell membrane

69
Q

cell cycle

A

s recurring sequence of events that extend from the time the cell forms until it dies

70
Q

G1-growth

A

period where proteins, carbohydrates & lipids are needed by the cells made. also where its determined if a cell will cycle or die

71
Q

G0

A

where cells go to die

72
Q

restrictive point

A

where cell is checked for successful completion of protein, carbohydrate & lipid synthesis

73
Q

S phase

A

where DNA is synthesized or copied

74
Q

G2

A

where everything that is needed for mitosis is made

75
Q

M phase (mitosis)

A

period of cell division

76
Q

the 4 phases

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

PMAT

77
Q

mitosis

A

division of somatic cells. end product will be genetically identical cells

78
Q

somatic cells

A

non-sex cells

79
Q

chromosome

A

physical structure which housed DNA

80
Q

chromatid

A

1/2 of a chromosome aka daughter chromosome. contains 1/2 of genetic information

81
Q

chromosome number

A

tells how many of each type of chromosome is present in a cell

82
Q

diploid 2N

A

has 2 copies

83
Q

Haploid 1N

A

has 1 copy

84
Q

tetraploid 4N

A

has 4 copies

85
Q

G1, G2, & S are known as…

A

interphase. most metabolically active part of the cell cycle

86
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes are short & thick. nuclear membrane begins to disappear. spindle fiber forms

87
Q

metaphase

A

nuclear membrane completely disappears. chromosomes line up on equatorial place (middle of cell)

88
Q

anaphase

A

division of cytoplasm begins. chromosome pull apart & chromatids go to opposite side of cell

89
Q

telaphase

A

cytokinesis is completed. nuclear membrane reforms

end result: 2 genetically identical cells

90
Q

meiosis

A

reduction division

occurs in 2 stages & in sex cells

91
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes with same genetic information

92
Q

synapsis

A

2 homologous chromosomes are joined together

93
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of genetic information between synapsed chromosome

94
Q

bivalent

A

2 synapsed chromosomes

95
Q

tetrad

A

4 synapsed chromatids

96
Q

sister chromatids

A

chromatids from different chromosomes

97
Q

non-sister chromatids

A

chromatids from different chromosomes

98
Q

prophase 1

A 
nucleic membrane begins to disappear
chromosomes are short & thick
spindle fibers form
homologous chromosomes synapse
crossing over occurs
99
Q

metaphase 1

A

nuclear membrane has completely disappeared

homologous chromosome line up on equatorial plane

100
Q

anaphase 1

A

cytokinesis begins

homologous chromosomes will separate & chromosomes go to opposite side of cell

101
Q

telophase 1

A

cytokinesis is completed
nuclear membrane reforms
spindle fibers disappear

102
Q

end result of meiosis

A

4 haploid cells that are genetically different

bio 101 (5 decks)

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