Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

bio 101 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

genetics

A

the science that allows one to study how traits are passed from parent to offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Autosomes

A

all chromosomes other than sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sex chromosomes

A

X or Y chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Filial generation

A

the offspring from a mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of the offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance of the offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

true breeding

A

cross between homozygous dominant or recessive traits (cant be heterozygous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

incomplete dominance

A

a dominant allele cant mask the expression of another allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

co-dominance

A

two dominant alleles are going to be expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

sex linked genes

A

genes that are found on the X or Y chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

a sex linked gene will be expressed in….

A

males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

karyote

A

a preparation of an individuals metaphase chromosome’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pedigree analysis

A

study of a family tree, can be used to determine whether a trait is dominant or recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

inversion

A

occurs by a breakage in chromosome & it rotates 180 degrees then re-attaches, NO imbalance of genetic information & not identifiable under microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

two types of inversion

A

paracentric

pericentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

paracentric

A

occurs outside of the centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

pericentric

A

inversion that involves or spans the centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

translocation

A

occurs when two non-homologous chromosomes mutate by exchanging parts, can alter size of chromosomes & position of centromere, identifiable under microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

nondisjunction

A

failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate during meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DNA is composed of

A

sugar, deoxyribose, a phosphate group & the nitrogen bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Adenine & Guanine

A

double ring structure called purine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cytosine & Thymine

A

single ring structures called pyrimidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

backbone of DNA consists of

A

sugar & a phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
rungs in DNA are the nitrogen bases..
purine & pyrimidines
26
primary structure
DNA in helical form. it establishes a hydrophilic & hydrophobic region
27
backbone region is...
hydrophillic
28
runs of DNA is...
hydrophobic
29
DNA is found in
mitochondria & or nucleus
30
secondary structure of DNA
unzipped DNA looks like a ladder & it establishes polarity
31
Griffiths experiment
showed that DNA is the genetic information
32
Hershey & Chase experiment
showed that DNA is the genetic information
33
semi conservative replication
each strand of a DNA molecule is used to make a new strand of DNA
34
leading strand
strand of DNA where replication is continuous
35
lagging strand
strand of DNA where replication is discontinuous
36
okazaki fragments
fragments of DNA found on the lagging strand
37
RNA primers
short stretches of RNA which are headed to jumpstart DNA replication
38
Criteria for DNA replication:
only occurs in single stranded DNA, only occurs in one direction 5-3, bidirectional
39
players for DNA replication
single stranded binding proteins | DNAa proteins
40
single stranded binding proteins
bind to single stranded DNA & prevent from rezipping
41
anaplasia
the reversion of cells to a simpler or less differentiated form
42
neoplasm
a tumor or tissue containing abnormal growth
43
malignant tumor
invades tissue, spreads across body, life threatening
44
3 types of cancer
carcinoma, sarcoma, adenoma
45
carcinoma
malignant tumor starts in the surface layer of an organ & may spread to other parts of body
46
sarcoma
malignant tumor found in connective tissue like muscles, bone & blood
47
adenoma
a benign tumor in glandular tissue
48
causes of cancer
environmental factors: UV radiation, preservatives, viruses, carcinogens
49
causes of familial cancer
damages to DNA | loss of growth control mechanisms
50
proto-oncogenes
normal genes that have the capacity to become cancerous genes
51
oncogenes
genes that accelerate cell growth. mutated proto-oncogenes. if not activated correctly it can lead to cancer development
52
tumor suppressor genes
stops the replication of a cancer cell
53
checkpoints
points in the cell cycle where cell is checked for a product, each stage of the cell cycle has a checkpoint, cancer develops when theres a problem w/ a checkpoint
54
sporadic cancer (non-hereditary)
cancer that doesn't appear to be inherited
55
DNAa protein
bind to the orgin of replication & help to start replication
56
Helicase
unzips the DNA molecules
57
Toposiomerase
relieve supercoiling of the DNA molecule
58
DNA poly 1
makes the chain & corrects mistakes
59
DNA poly 2
function is unknown
60
DNA poly 3
main enzyme in DNA replication
61
ligase
(glue) enzyme is responsible for joining DNA fragments together
62
RNA primase
enzyme which synthesizes the RNA primer
63
DNA replication
process where DNA is copied
64
where does DNA replication occur
in the nucleus of the cells
65
Actions of the chromosome
begins to unzip & the DNAa protein attaches to the orgin of replication SSBP bind to unzip DNA
66
In replication
the strand begins to unzip by helicase, then the single stranded binding proteins bind to single stranded DNA, ends in removal of SSBP & two DNA molecules rezip
67
transcription
the synthesis of an RNA strand using a DNA template
68
RNA serves as a connector between
DNA & Protein
69
sugar in RNA is
ribose
70
mRNA
messenger RNA, makes the amino acid sequence of the protein
71
tRNA
transfer RNA, brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation
72
rRNA
ribosomal RNA, helps to form a functional ribosome
73
transcription uses which strand of the DNA template?
3-->5 strand
74
transcription uses uracil instead of
thyamine
75
promoters
sequences of DNA that attract RNA polymerase to that site for transcription to occur
76
-35 region
a CG or GC region that is located 35 nucleotides before the start site of transcription
77
-10 region
located 10 nucleotides before the start site
78
RNA polymerase
a multi-sub unit enzyme that is composed of 5 subunits
79
step 1 of transcription- initiation
requires that the RNA polymerase holoenzyme binds to the correct promoter DNA sequence, causes DNA to unzip
80
step 2 of transcription- elongation
RNA synthesis begins
81
step 3 of transcription- termination
terminator sequences are used to end transcription
82
2 types of termination
rho independent termination | rho dependent termination
83
rho independent termination
formation of a hair pin loop
84
rho dependent termination
a protein called rho binds to DNA & physically blocks the enzyme
85
splicing
removal of non-coding RNA
86
introns
the RNA sequences that are removed from the message
87
exons
the RNA sequences that are expressed or converted into proteins
88
translation
process where mRNA is converted into proteins, occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes in the RER
89
what is needed for translation?
ribosomes, rRNA, tRNA, & amino acids
90
in translation, rRNA is responsible for
combining the small & large subunits of the ribosome together
91
in translation, tRNA is responsible for
bringing the amino acids to the ribosomes. there are 20 known
92
amino acids are
monomers of proteins
93
3 steps of translation
make a functional ribosome, AUG binds to the P site, bind to the A site

bio 101 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions