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chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

genetics

A

the science that allows one to study how traits are passed from parent to offspring

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2
Q

father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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3
Q

Autosomes

A

all chromosomes other than sex chromosomes

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4
Q

sex chromosomes

A

X or Y chromosomes

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5
Q

Filial generation

A

the offspring from a mating

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6
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of the offspring

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7
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance of the offspring

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8
Q

true breeding

A

cross between homozygous dominant or recessive traits (cant be heterozygous)

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9
Q

incomplete dominance

A

a dominant allele cant mask the expression of another allele

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10
Q

co-dominance

A

two dominant alleles are going to be expressed

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11
Q

sex linked genes

A

genes that are found on the X or Y chromosome

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12
Q

a sex linked gene will be expressed in….

A

males

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13
Q

karyote

A

a preparation of an individuals metaphase chromosome’s

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14
Q

pedigree analysis

A

study of a family tree, can be used to determine whether a trait is dominant or recessive

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15
Q

inversion

A

occurs by a breakage in chromosome & it rotates 180 degrees then re-attaches, NO imbalance of genetic information & not identifiable under microscope

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16
Q

two types of inversion

A

paracentric

pericentric

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17
Q

paracentric

A

occurs outside of the centromere

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18
Q

pericentric

A

inversion that involves or spans the centromere

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19
Q

translocation

A

occurs when two non-homologous chromosomes mutate by exchanging parts, can alter size of chromosomes & position of centromere, identifiable under microscope

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20
Q

nondisjunction

A

failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate during meiosis

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21
Q

DNA is composed of

A

sugar, deoxyribose, a phosphate group & the nitrogen bases

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22
Q

Adenine & Guanine

A

double ring structure called purine

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23
Q

Cytosine & Thymine

A

single ring structures called pyrimidine

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24
Q

backbone of DNA consists of

A

sugar & a phosphate group

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25
Q

rungs in DNA are the nitrogen bases..

A

purine & pyrimidines

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26
Q

primary structure

A

DNA in helical form. it establishes a hydrophilic & hydrophobic region

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27
Q

backbone region is…

A

hydrophillic

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28
Q

runs of DNA is…

A

hydrophobic

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29
Q

DNA is found in

A

mitochondria & or nucleus

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30
Q

secondary structure of DNA

A

unzipped DNA looks like a ladder & it establishes polarity

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31
Q

Griffiths experiment

A

showed that DNA is the genetic information

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32
Q

Hershey & Chase experiment

A

showed that DNA is the genetic information

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33
Q

semi conservative replication

A

each strand of a DNA molecule is used to make a new strand of DNA

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34
Q

leading strand

A

strand of DNA where replication is continuous

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35
Q

lagging strand

A

strand of DNA where replication is discontinuous

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36
Q

okazaki fragments

A

fragments of DNA found on the lagging strand

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37
Q

RNA primers

A

short stretches of RNA which are headed to jumpstart DNA replication

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38
Q

Criteria for DNA replication:

A

only occurs in single stranded DNA, only occurs in one direction 5-3, bidirectional

39
Q

players for DNA replication

A

single stranded binding proteins

DNAa proteins

40
Q

single stranded binding proteins

A

bind to single stranded DNA & prevent from rezipping

41
Q

anaplasia

A

the reversion of cells to a simpler or less differentiated form

42
Q

neoplasm

A

a tumor or tissue containing abnormal growth

43
Q

malignant tumor

A

invades tissue, spreads across body, life threatening

44
Q

3 types of cancer

A

carcinoma, sarcoma, adenoma

45
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant tumor starts in the surface layer of an organ & may spread to other parts of body

46
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant tumor found in connective tissue like muscles, bone & blood

47
Q

adenoma

A

a benign tumor in glandular tissue

48
Q

causes of cancer

A

environmental factors: UV radiation, preservatives, viruses, carcinogens

49
Q

causes of familial cancer

A

damages to DNA

loss of growth control mechanisms

50
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

normal genes that have the capacity to become cancerous genes

51
Q

oncogenes

A

genes that accelerate cell growth. mutated proto-oncogenes. if not activated correctly it can lead to cancer development

52
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

stops the replication of a cancer cell

53
Q

checkpoints

A

points in the cell cycle where cell is checked for a product, each stage of the cell cycle has a checkpoint, cancer develops when theres a problem w/ a checkpoint

54
Q

sporadic cancer (non-hereditary)

A

cancer that doesn’t appear to be inherited

55
Q

DNAa protein

A

bind to the orgin of replication & help to start replication

56
Q

Helicase

A

unzips the DNA molecules

57
Q

Toposiomerase

A

relieve supercoiling of the DNA molecule

58
Q

DNA poly 1

A

makes the chain & corrects mistakes

59
Q

DNA poly 2

A

function is unknown

60
Q

DNA poly 3

A

main enzyme in DNA replication

61
Q

ligase

A

(glue) enzyme is responsible for joining DNA fragments together

62
Q

RNA primase

A

enzyme which synthesizes the RNA primer

63
Q

DNA replication

A

process where DNA is copied

64
Q

where does DNA replication occur

A

in the nucleus of the cells

65
Q

Actions of the chromosome

A

begins to unzip & the DNAa protein attaches to the orgin of replication
SSBP bind to unzip DNA

66
Q

In replication

A

the strand begins to unzip by helicase, then the single stranded binding proteins bind to single stranded DNA, ends in removal of SSBP & two DNA molecules rezip

67
Q

transcription

A

the synthesis of an RNA strand using a DNA template

68
Q

RNA serves as a connector between

A

DNA & Protein

69
Q

sugar in RNA is

A

ribose

70
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA, makes the amino acid sequence of the protein

71
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA, brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation

72
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA, helps to form a functional ribosome

73
Q

transcription uses which strand of the DNA template?

A

3–>5 strand

74
Q

transcription uses uracil instead of

A

thyamine

75
Q

promoters

A

sequences of DNA that attract RNA polymerase to that site for transcription to occur

76
Q

-35 region

A

a CG or GC region that is located 35 nucleotides before the start site of transcription

77
Q

-10 region

A

located 10 nucleotides before the start site

78
Q

RNA polymerase

A

a multi-sub unit enzyme that is composed of 5 subunits

79
Q

step 1 of transcription- initiation

A

requires that the RNA polymerase holoenzyme binds to the correct promoter DNA sequence, causes DNA to unzip

80
Q

step 2 of transcription- elongation

A

RNA synthesis begins

81
Q

step 3 of transcription- termination

A

terminator sequences are used to end transcription

82
Q

2 types of termination

A

rho independent termination

rho dependent termination

83
Q

rho independent termination

A

formation of a hair pin loop

84
Q

rho dependent termination

A

a protein called rho binds to DNA & physically blocks the enzyme

85
Q

splicing

A

removal of non-coding RNA

86
Q

introns

A

the RNA sequences that are removed from the message

87
Q

exons

A

the RNA sequences that are expressed or converted into proteins

88
Q

translation

A

process where mRNA is converted into proteins, occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes in the RER

89
Q

what is needed for translation?

A

ribosomes, rRNA, tRNA, & amino acids

90
Q

in translation, rRNA is responsible for

A

combining the small & large subunits of the ribosome together

91
Q

in translation, tRNA is responsible for

A

bringing the amino acids to the ribosomes. there are 20 known

92
Q

amino acids are

A

monomers of proteins

93
Q

3 steps of translation

A

make a functional ribosome, AUG binds to the P site, bind to the A site

bio 101 (5 decks)

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