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BIO 201 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ACE is a term used for proteins in the lungs named angiotensin converting enzymes. ACE is an example of an

A

Acronym

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2
Q

More than one tissue joined into a structure that has a specific function form:

A

Organs

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3
Q

Cellular energy is used when solute molecules are:

A

Moved from low concentration to high concentration

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4
Q

Which are individual units of an element

A

Atoms

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5
Q

The function of superoxide dimutase is to

A

Neutralize free radicals

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6
Q

Use the table:
Chlorine (Cl-) will be moving down its concentration gradient if it:

A

Moves from outside the cell (extracellular) to inside the cell (intracellular)

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7
Q

Prostaglandin molecules are:

A

Eicosanoids
Lipids
(a and b)

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8
Q

Regions of an organ are formed by a mass of similar cells are:

A

Tissues

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9
Q

You add a compound to a solution and test the pH. You see that the solution has become more acidic.

A

There are more hydrogen ions in the solution after the addition

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10
Q

Gabrielle Fallopio was an Italian anatomist whose name was used as the anatomic term for fallopian tube. Fallopian tube is:

A

An eponym

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11
Q

The functional group in the square is:
NH2

A

An amino group

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12
Q

Keratin is:

A

A structural protein

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13
Q

Antioxidants protect the body from:

A

Free radicals

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14
Q

Peptide bonds are found in:

A

Proteins

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15
Q

Dehydration synthesis results in the formation of:

A

Polysaccharides
Proteins
Disaccharides
(a, b, and c)

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16
Q

Bonds formed between atoms in a molecule are a result of the interaction of

A

Electrons in the valence shell

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17
Q

X-rays and gamma rays are capable of:

A

Removing electrons from molecules

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18
Q

Microscopy is the field of using microscopes to view objects. Which field of fields of anatomy are dependent on microscopy?

A

Histology
Cytology
(A and C)

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19
Q

Which is the basis for anatomy

A

Inspection

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20
Q

This is a simple representation of an atom of magnesium.
How many electrons are in the valence shell?

A

2

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21
Q

Predict whether magnesium will become a cation or an anion

A

Magnesium will become a cation

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22
Q

Super oxide anions are free radicals. These molecules:

A

Have unpaired electrons

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23
Q

This is the structural formula showing 2 acetic acid molecules. The arrows indicate:

A

Hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

In the acetic acid molecules shown in the previous question, which of the following is true?

A

The HYDROGEN atoms nearest to the dotted line carry a PARTIALLY POSITIVE charge

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25
Q

Acetic acid is an acid because it will:

A

Release a proton into a solution

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26
Q

Hydrolysis is:

A

A catabolic reaction

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27
Q

Which 2 functional groups are found in all types of amino acids?

A

Amino group and carboxyl group

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28
Q

Monosaccharides and disaccharides are:

A

Carbohydrates

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29
Q

The lipid molecules that form biological membranes are

A

Phospholipid molecules

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30
Q

Proteins inculde

A

Greater than 50 amino acid subunits

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31
Q

A molecule including a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen containing base is

A

A nucleotide

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32
Q

Which macromolecules are described as being globular

A

Proteins

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33
Q

Cholesterol molecules are

A

Lipids

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34
Q

Cholesterol molecules are important in which structures?

A

Cell membrane

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35
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis is associated with

A

Clatharin

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36
Q

Which of the following creates a sodium concentration gradient in the cytoplasm?

A

Sodium-potassium ATPase

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37
Q

Which structure is responsible for the removal of specifically marked proteins from the cytoplasm?

A

Proteasome

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38
Q

The image below is a CT scan of the head. Which of the following is correct?

A

The cerebellum and the scalp are of ectodermal origin and the occipital bone is of mesodermal origin

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39
Q

Hypertonic saline is a 7.2% solution. The cytosine of a body cell is a 0.9% solution. A cell placed in hypertonic saline will

A

Shrink

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40
Q

Distilled water is a hypotonic solution. A cell placed in distilled water will:

(The cytosine of a body cell is a 0.9% solution)

A

Swell

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41
Q

Dynamic rearrangement of the micro filaments in the cytoskeleton is necessary for

A

The creation of pseudopods by macrophages

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42
Q

Newly formed proteins synthesized by ribosomes that are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum will be found in

A

The cistern of endoplasmic reticulum

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43
Q

Which organelle is responsible for the lipid synthesis and detoxification of some compounds?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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44
Q

The enzymes for the completion of cellular respiration are arranged in order in the membranes of the

A

Mitochondria

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45
Q

The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine:

A

The lining of the duodenum is simple columnar epithelium
The lining of the duodenum includes unicellular glands
(A and B)

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46
Q

Mast Cells in Cardiovascular Disease is a paper published in The International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
Where in the heart and blood vessels are mast cells located

A

Areolar connective tissue

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47
Q

The most superficial layer of the visceral peritoneum is

A

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

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48
Q

Urothelium is a tissue that most resembles

A

Stratified epithelial tissue

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49
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

A

Maintain membrane fluidity

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50
Q

If you were designing an experiment investigating the physiology of fibroblasts that specialize in producing reticular fibers, from which organ would you isolate cells?

A

Lymph nodes

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51
Q

If you were designing an experiment investigating the physiology of fibroblasts that specialize in producing elastic fibers, from which organ would you isolate cells?

A

Large artery

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52
Q

Arthritis occurs when the cells in the cartilage covering bone tissue in joints die. What type of cell is lost?

A

Chondrocyte

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53
Q

All of the following contribute to bacterial and fungal resistance in the skin except:

vitamin D sythesis

production of dermcidins and defensins

an acid mantle

minimal water content

A

Vitamin D synthesis

54
Q

Ceruminous glands are found in the

A

Lining of the ear canal

55
Q

Which cells are found in the lacunae bone tissue

A

Osteocytes

56
Q

Adult stem cells that differentiate into keratinocytes are found in the

A

Stratum basale 

57
Q

Keratinocytes receive oxygen supply for the

A

Papillary layer

58
Q

Which of the following is primarily stratified squamous epithelial tissue?

hypodermis

epidermis

dermis

A

Epidermis

59
Q

Which of the following is important in holding cells of the stratum spinosum together?

tactile cells

dendric cells

desmosomes

eleidin

A

Desmosomes

60
Q

The skin receives 10 times more oxygen rich blood and cells in the skin need. The function of this pattern of blood flow is

A

Thermoregulation

61
Q

Skin pigment are produced by

A

Melanocytes

62
Q

In which layer are cells dead, keratinized, thin, and scaly?

A

Stratum corneum

63
Q

Erythema is

A

Redskin due to vasodilation

64
Q

Hepatitis C virus causes liver inflammation and liver failure. What skin abnormality would result?

A

Jaundice

65
Q

Deoxygenated hemoglobin in the dermis will result in

A

Cyanosis

66
Q

The primary ossification center develops

A

During endochondral ossification of the diaphysis of long bones

67
Q

The increase in width of a long bone is

A

Appositional growth

68
Q

What roll do chondrocytes play in bone formation?

A

Chondrocytes produce hyaline cartilage

69
Q

Collagen fibers, glycosaminoglycan molecules, proteoglycan molecules, and glycoproteins are part of

A

Bones organic material

70
Q

A tibia contains no epiphyseal plate

A

This is the mature bone of an adult

71
Q

Which cells will be most obviously affected by hypocalcemia

A

Muscle cells and neurons

72
Q

Calcitonin is released by which cell type?

A

Parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland

73
Q

Which layers of the epidermidis are most important for the immune surveillance of the skin?

A

Stratum spinousum and stratum granulosum

74
Q

Bromhidrosis is associated with

A

Apocrine sweat glands

75
Q

All of the following cells/structures are located in the stratum basale except

keratinocytes

stem cells

melanocytes

sensory neuron receptors

A

Sensory neuron receptors

76
Q

Mineral and bone disorder is associated with chronic kidney disease. The production of which hormone is reduced by kidney disease?

A

Calcitriol

77
Q

Striae are caused by

A

Excessive stretching of the reticular layer of the dermis

78
Q

Which is correct?

canliculi form central canals

canaliculi form osteons

lamellae form osteons

osteons are delicate plates of bone

A

Lamellae form osteons

79
Q

Pneumonia can result in the inability to oxygenated blood. Patient experiencing an ammonia may exhibit

A

Cyanosis

80
Q

Inflammatory mediators signals cause vasodilation. Inflame skin will exhibit

A

Erythema

81
Q

The parietal bone develop by

A

Intramembranous ossification

82
Q

Hydroxyapatite is

A

Calcium phosphate SALT

83
Q

Red bone marrow abnormalities may lead to

A

Anemia

84
Q

What hormone is released due to hypocalcemia

A

PTH

85
Q

What happens to keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum?

A

They become non-mitotic

86
Q

The rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius are muscles located in the

A

Anterior compartment of the thigh

87
Q

What structure provides most of the anterior stabilization of the glenohumeral joint?

A

The biceps brachii muscle

88
Q

Which muscle stabilizes the posterior knee?

A

Semimembranosus

89
Q

In the coxal joint, the acetabulum articulate with the

A

Head of the femur

90
Q

The tibia and the tallus articulate at the

A

Medical talocrual joint

91
Q

A muscle fascicle is surrounded by

A

Perimysium

92
Q

The superficial posterior compartment of the forearm is separated from the deep posterior compartment of the forearm by

A

Fascia

93
Q

Which produces most of the force during a particular action?

A

Agonist

94
Q

The masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles allow:

A

Biting and cutting with the mandible

95
Q

All of the following extend the head except

A

Sternocleidomastoid

96
Q

The rotator cuff is composed of which muscles?

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

97
Q

Which muscle is the prime mover of pushing with the arms?

A

Serratus anterior

98
Q

Which protein blocks binding sites for myosin heads?

A

Troponin

99
Q

Which of the following is correct?

A

When acetylcholine binds receptors on the sarcolemma, an impulse is propogated to and throughout tubules

100
Q

When voltage gated potassium channels open in the sarcolemma, all of the following occurs except

A

Potassium rushes into the muscle fiber

101
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores

A

Calcium ions

102
Q

Red muscle fibers are

A

Slow oxidative fibers that depend on aerobic ATP production

103
Q

Linear protien wrapped around F-actin

A

Tropomyosin

104
Q

Release neurotransmitters that stimulates smooth muscle cells

A

Vaicosities

105
Q

Protein found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Calsequestrin

106
Q

Links f-actin to the endomysium

A

Dystrophin

107
Q

The resting potential of a muscle fiber -90 mV. Which is correct?

A

There is a higher concentration of potassium in the intracellular fluid and trapped anions

108
Q

Where the voltage gated calcium channels located at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Within the membrane of the axon terminal

109
Q

Which protein is responsible for the power stroke of a skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Myosin

110
Q

If you are on ice skates, which muscles are the most important for preventing leg abduction?

A

The muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh

111
Q

The muculocutaneous nerve supplies the biceps brachii and the brachialis muscles. Damage to this nerve will result in

A

The inability to oppose elbow extension
The inability to flew the elbow
Decreased ability to supinate the forearm
(A, B, and C)

112
Q

The axis of rotation of the arms of the person in the image above is the

A

Sagittal plane

113
Q

The somatic branch of the nervous system and the visceral branch of the nervous system are divisions of the

A

Peripheral nervous system

114
Q

The central nervous system is composed of

A

The brain and spinal cord only

115
Q

Cardiac muscle, gland, and smooth muscle receive innervation from

A

Visceral motor neurons

116
Q

Which are parts of sensory neurons?

A

Afferent fibers

117
Q

Which are parts of motor neurons?

A

Efferent fibers

118
Q

Microtubules are most important for transport in which part of the neuron?

A

Axon

119
Q

Most of the brain and spinal cord neurons are

A

Multipolar neurons

120
Q

Olfactory neurons in the roof of the nasal cavity and neurons located in the retina of the eye are

A

Unipolar neurons

121
Q

Which neuron structure is specialized for rapid impulse transmission from the soma to the axon terminal?

A

The axon

122
Q

Which of the following are necessary for anterograde transport in an axon?

A

Microtubules and motor proteins

123
Q

Which arrow in the image below indicates a dendrite?

A

A

124
Q

Which cells in the central nervous system are both mobile and phagocytic?

A

Microglia

125
Q

Which cells in the brain are important to the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

126
Q

Which support cells are found only in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

127
Q

Gray matter is composed of

A

neurosomas, dendrites, and synapses

128
Q

The most superficial meningeal layer of the brain is the

A

Dura matter

129
Q

Which meningeal layer is in direct contact with the nervous tissue?

A

Pita mater

130
Q

The neural tube forms from the

A

Ectoderm

131
Q

The brain is cushioned and protected by they buoyancy of the

A

The cerebrospinal fluid deep to the arachnoid mater

132
Q

In the image above: area where membrane polarization is not able to change.

A

B

(myelinated area)

BIO 201 (9 decks)

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