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BIO 201 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which elements make up 98.5% of the body?

A 
Oxygen 
Carbon 
Hydrogen 
Nitrogen 
Calcium 
Phosphorus
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2
Q

Which elements make up .8% of the body?

A 
Sulfur 
Potassium 
Sodium 
Chlorine 
Magnesium 
Iron
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3
Q

Definition of an atom

A

Individual unit of an element

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4
Q

What subatomic particles are within the nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

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5
Q

Subatomic particles with one atomic mass unit

A

Protons and neutrons

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6
Q

Where do electrons reside?

A

Electron cloud/shell

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7
Q

Subatomic particle with a positive charge

A

Proton

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8
Q

Subatomic particle with a neutral charge

A

Neutron

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9
Q

Subatomic particle with a negative charge

A

Electron

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10
Q

What is the valence shell of an atom?

A

Outer most electron shell

Creates atomic bonds that hold different atoms together

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11
Q

What is different about each isotope of an element?

A

Different number of neutrons

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12
Q

What subatomic particle is the same in an isotope?

A

Protons

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13
Q

How are isotopes related to radioactivity?

A

Release energy or particles in order to become more stable

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14
Q

How does ionizing radiation damage other atoms?

A

Remove an electron from the valance shell

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15
Q

Different types of ionizing radiation

A 
Ultraviolet
X-rays
Alpha particles
Beta particles - electron
Gamma rays
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16
Q

What is the composition of an alpha particle?

A

Two protons and two neutrons

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17
Q

What is the composition of a beta particle?

A

An electron

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18
Q

What is an atoms physical half life?

A

Time for half of radioactive atoms to lose their radiation and become stable

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19
Q

What is an atoms biological half-life?

A

Time for half of radioactive compound to be excreted by the body

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20
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Substances that become ions when added to water

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21
Q

How are electrolytes related to electricity?

A

They conduct electricity

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22
Q

What is a free radical?

A

An atom or molecule with an uneven number of electrons

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23
Q

When are super oxide anions formed?

A

By product of ATP

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24
Q

How are antioxidants and free radicals related?

A

Antioxidants are chemicals that can neutralize free radicals

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25
Q

What is the function of the enzyme super oxide dimutase?

A

To convert super oxide anions to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide

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26
Q

When atoms are joined together by bonds what is formed?

A

Molecules or compounds

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27
Q

Why is molecular oxygen not a compound?

A

They are the same type of atom - they are a molecule

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28
Q

How are molecules that are isomers similar to each other?

A

Same formula

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29
Q

How are molecules that are isomers different from each other?

A

Different bonding pattern creates different molecular structure

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30
Q

What is a molecules molecular weight measuring

A

All of the protons and neutrons

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31
Q

Explain why the bond holding NaCl together is an ionic bond

A

It is a charge bond

Anions attracted to cations

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32
Q

Explain when NaCl will become an electrolyte

A

When it disassociates in water

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33
Q

What creates covalent bonds between atoms of most molecules?

A

Shared electrons

Strongest type of bond

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34
Q

What makes a covalent bond, a polar covalent bond?

A

Unequal sharing of electrons

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35
Q

When two atoms form a polar covalent bond which atom will become partially negatively charged?

A

The atom with a smaller positive charge

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36
Q

Why are two separate molecules required to create a hydrogen bond?

A

A positively charged hydrogen atom will attract another negatively charged molecule

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37
Q

What type of bond holds the molecules of water together?

A

Hydrogen bond

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38
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Unable to dissolve in water

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39
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Dissolves in water

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40
Q

What types of solutes are dissolved in solutions?

A

Solutes are very small - less than 1 nanometer

Saline solution and serum glucose

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41
Q

What types of solutes are dissolves in colloids?

A

Large solutes - 1 to 100 nanometers

Proteins in the serum or body fluid

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42
Q

What type of solutes are found in suspensions?

A

Very large solutes - greater than 100 nanometers

Blood cells and lipids in blood

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43
Q

The pH scale is the measurement of the concentration of what?

A

H+ (no electrons)

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44
Q

What is added to a solution to decrease the pH?

A

Adding a solute that will release H+ (giving one proton with no electrons)

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45
Q

What is added to a solution to increase the pH?

A

A solute with a negative charge

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46
Q

PH scale for an acid

A

1-6

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47
Q

PH scale for neutral

A

7

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48
Q

PH scale for basic

A

8-14

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49
Q

Acids are considered what?

A

Proton donors

50
Q

Bases are considered what?

A

Proton acceptors

51
Q

What is the pH of distilled water?

52
Q

In a 5% solution, what is the 5%?

A

5% of the volume is taken up by the solute

53
Q

What is molarity?

A

Number of molecules per volume of solution

54
Q

Are military of a solution and the solution to milliequivalents per liter equal?

55
Q

Potential energy of food

A

Potential energy can be converted by breaking bonds

56
Q

Kinetic energy of food

A

Breaking the bonds to capture kinetic energy

57
Q

The process of translation requires what and produces what?

A

Requires kinetic energy, produces potential energy

58
Q

What kind of reactions are catabolic reactions?

A

Decomposition reactions

59
Q

What kind of reactions are anabolic reactions?

A

Synthesis reactions

60
Q

Dehydration synthesis is what kind of reaction?

A

Anabolic reaction

61
Q

Hydrolysis is what kind of reaction?

A

Catabolic reaction

62
Q

To increase the rate of a reversible reaction, _______

A

Increase the concentration of reactants

63
Q

To decrease the rate of a reversible reaction, ______

A

Decrease the concentration of reactants

64
Q

Why are enzymes called biological catalysts?

A

They increase the rate of reaction

65
Q

What occurs during oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons

66
Q

What type of chemical will cause oxidation to occur?

A

Oxidizing agents

67
Q

What orcas during reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

68
Q

What does a reducing agent do?

A

Accept electrons

69
Q

Functional groups

A 
Hydroxyl
Methyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Phosphate
70
Q

Hydroxyl

71
Q

Methyl

72
Q

Carboxyl

73
Q

Amino

74
Q

Phosphate

75
Q

Formula for any carbohydrate

76
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Single sugar units

77
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two sugars joined by a covalent bond

78
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

Short chains of monomers

3-4

79
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Complex long chains of monomers

80
Q

Sugar vs Monomer

A

Sugar - monosaccharide

Monomer - single sugars (covalently bond together)

81
Q

What term describes how carbohydrates react to water?

A

Hydrophilic

82
Q

5 primary types of lipids

A 
Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Eicosanoids
Steroids
83
Q

What term describes how lipids react to water?

A

Hydrophobic

84
Q

Lipid hydrogen to oxygen ratio

85
Q

4 parts of a phospholipid

A

Nitrogen containing group
Phosphate group
Glycerol
Fatty acid tails

86
Q

What type of phospholipid is prostaglandin?

A

Eicosanoids

87
Q

What part of a cell contains the molecules that are used to create prostaglandin?

A

Part of a membrane phospholipid

88
Q

What is the function of cholesterol molecules Inc. in cell membranes?

A

They are necessary for a membrane fluidity

89
Q

Hormone molecules created from cholesterol molecules

A

Steroid hormones

90
Q

Monomers used to create protein molecules

A

Amino acids

91
Q

Covalent bond that holds amino acids together in a protein

A

Peptide bond

92
Q

Size of oligopeptides

A

10-15 amino acids

93
Q

Size of polypeptides

A

15-50 amino acids

94
Q

Size of proteins

A

More than 50 amino acids

Macromolecule

95
Q

part of an amino acid most important for determining the proteins final structure

A

Side group

96
Q

Characteristic shape of proteins

A

Large, globular

97
Q

Levels of protein structure

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

98
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Sequence of amino acids

99
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Helical coils and sheets

Amino acid side group interactions

100
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Interactions of coils and sheets

101
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

Multiple primary structures

102
Q

Examples of structural proteins

A

Keratin & collagen

103
Q

Proteins in form of signals

104
Q

Proteins in form to receive cellular signals

105
Q

Proteins in form responsible for catalysis in cellular metabolism

106
Q

Examples of proteins involved in the movement of body

A

Motor proteins - Vesicles & Cilia

Actin & Myocin - make muscles shorten

107
Q

Necessity for cell adhesion proteins is because

A

Proteins bind cells together - tissue layers

108
Q

How enzyme active sites are involved in lowering activation energy of anabolic and catabolic reactions

A

Lowering energy needed for the reaction

109
Q

Reasons for enzymes not being changed by the reaction they catalyze

A

Enzymes can be used over and over

110
Q

Function of cofactors

A

Metals necessary to active sites

111
Q

Function of coenzymes

A

Complex organic structures necessary for active sites

112
Q

How is a cofactor different than a coenzyme

A

Cofactors move electron density around

113
Q

Three parts of a nucleotide

A

Nitrogen containing base
Five carbon monosaccharide
One or more phosphate groups

114
Q

Nucleotide important for every process in the human body

115
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Adding a phosphate group

116
Q

Function of kinase

A

Perform phosphorylation

117
Q

Monomers of DNA

A

A, T, C, G - nucleotides

118
Q

Monomers of RNA

A

A, U, C, G - nucleotides

119
Q

5-carbon sugar of DNA

A

Deoxyribose

120
Q

5-carbon sugar of RNA

BIO 201 (9 decks)

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