Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Which elements make up 98.5% of the body?
A
Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus
2
Q
Which elements make up .8% of the body?
A
Sulfur Potassium Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Iron
3
Q
Definition of an atom
A
Individual unit of an element
4
Q
What subatomic particles are within the nucleus?
A
Protons and neutrons
5
Q
Subatomic particles with one atomic mass unit
A
Protons and neutrons
6
Q
Where do electrons reside?
A
Electron cloud/shell
7
Q
Subatomic particle with a positive charge
A
Proton
8
Q
Subatomic particle with a neutral charge
A
Neutron
9
Q
Subatomic particle with a negative charge
A
Electron
10
Q
What is the valence shell of an atom?
A
Outer most electron shell
Creates atomic bonds that hold different atoms together
11
Q
What is different about each isotope of an element?
A
Different number of neutrons
12
Q
What subatomic particle is the same in an isotope?
A
Protons
13
Q
How are isotopes related to radioactivity?
A
Release energy or particles in order to become more stable
14
Q
How does ionizing radiation damage other atoms?
A
Remove an electron from the valance shell
15
Q
Different types of ionizing radiation
A
Ultraviolet X-rays Alpha particles Beta particles - electron Gamma rays
16
Q
What is the composition of an alpha particle?
A
Two protons and two neutrons
17
Q
What is the composition of a beta particle?
A
An electron
18
Q
What is an atoms physical half life?
A
Time for half of radioactive atoms to lose their radiation and become stable
19
Q
What is an atoms biological half-life?
A
Time for half of radioactive compound to be excreted by the body
20
Q
What are electrolytes?
A
Substances that become ions when added to water
21
Q
How are electrolytes related to electricity?
A
They conduct electricity
22
Q
What is a free radical?
A
An atom or molecule with an uneven number of electrons
23
Q
When are super oxide anions formed?
A
By product of ATP
24
Q
How are antioxidants and free radicals related?
A
Antioxidants are chemicals that can neutralize free radicals
25
What is the function of the enzyme super oxide dimutase?
To convert super oxide anions to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide
26
When atoms are joined together by bonds what is formed?
Molecules or compounds
27
Why is molecular oxygen not a compound?
They are the same type of atom - they are a molecule
28
How are molecules that are isomers similar to each other?
Same formula
29
How are molecules that are isomers different from each other?
Different bonding pattern creates different molecular structure
30
What is a molecules molecular weight measuring
All of the protons and neutrons
31
Explain why the bond holding NaCl together is an ionic bond
It is a charge bond
| Anions attracted to cations
32
Explain when NaCl will become an electrolyte
When it disassociates in water
33
What creates covalent bonds between atoms of most molecules?
Shared electrons
| Strongest type of bond
34
What makes a covalent bond, a polar covalent bond?
Unequal sharing of electrons
35
When two atoms form a polar covalent bond which atom will become partially negatively charged?
The atom with a smaller positive charge
36
Why are two separate molecules required to create a hydrogen bond?
A positively charged hydrogen atom will attract another negatively charged molecule
37
What type of bond holds the molecules of water together?
Hydrogen bond
38
Hydrophobic
Unable to dissolve in water
39
Hydrophilic
Dissolves in water
40
What types of solutes are dissolved in solutions?
Solutes are very small - less than 1 nanometer
| Saline solution and serum glucose
41
What types of solutes are dissolves in colloids?
Large solutes - 1 to 100 nanometers
| Proteins in the serum or body fluid
42
What type of solutes are found in suspensions?
Very large solutes - greater than 100 nanometers
| Blood cells and lipids in blood
43
The pH scale is the measurement of the concentration of what?
H+ (no electrons)
44
What is added to a solution to decrease the pH?
Adding a solute that will release H+ (giving one proton with no electrons)
45
What is added to a solution to increase the pH?
A solute with a negative charge
46
PH scale for an acid
1-6
47
PH scale for neutral
7
48
PH scale for basic
8-14
49
Acids are considered what?
Proton donors
50
Bases are considered what?
Proton acceptors
51
What is the pH of distilled water?
7
52
In a 5% solution, what is the 5%?
5% of the volume is taken up by the solute
53
What is molarity?
Number of molecules per volume of solution
54
Are military of a solution and the solution to milliequivalents per liter equal?
No.
55
Potential energy of food
Potential energy can be converted by breaking bonds
56
Kinetic energy of food
Breaking the bonds to capture kinetic energy
57
The process of translation requires what and produces what?
Requires kinetic energy, produces potential energy
58
What kind of reactions are catabolic reactions?
Decomposition reactions
59
What kind of reactions are anabolic reactions?
Synthesis reactions
60
Dehydration synthesis is what kind of reaction?
Anabolic reaction
61
Hydrolysis is what kind of reaction?
Catabolic reaction
62
To increase the rate of a reversible reaction, _______
Increase the concentration of reactants
63
To decrease the rate of a reversible reaction, ______
Decrease the concentration of reactants
64
Why are enzymes called biological catalysts?
They increase the rate of reaction
65
What occurs during oxidation?
Loss of electrons
66
What type of chemical will cause oxidation to occur?
Oxidizing agents
67
What orcas during reduction?
Gain of electrons
68
What does a reducing agent do?
Accept electrons
69
Functional groups
```
Hydroxyl
Methyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Phosphate
```
70
Hydroxyl
-OH
71
Methyl
-CH3
72
Carboxyl
-COOH
73
Amino
-NH2
74
Phosphate
-H2PO4
75
Formula for any carbohydrate
(CH2O)n
76
Monosaccharide
Single sugar units
77
Disaccharide
Two sugars joined by a covalent bond
78
Oligosaccharide
Short chains of monomers
| 3-4
79
Polysaccharide
Complex long chains of monomers
80
Sugar vs Monomer
Sugar - monosaccharide
| Monomer - single sugars (covalently bond together)
81
What term describes how carbohydrates react to water?
Hydrophilic
82
5 primary types of lipids
```
Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Eicosanoids
Steroids
```
83
What term describes how lipids react to water?
Hydrophobic
84
Lipid hydrogen to oxygen ratio
18:1
85
4 parts of a phospholipid
Nitrogen containing group
Phosphate group
Glycerol
Fatty acid tails
86
What type of phospholipid is prostaglandin?
Eicosanoids
87
What part of a cell contains the molecules that are used to create prostaglandin?
Part of a membrane phospholipid
88
What is the function of cholesterol molecules Inc. in cell membranes?
They are necessary for a membrane fluidity
89
Hormone molecules created from cholesterol molecules
Steroid hormones
90
Monomers used to create protein molecules
Amino acids
91
Covalent bond that holds amino acids together in a protein
Peptide bond
92
Size of oligopeptides
10-15 amino acids
93
Size of polypeptides
15-50 amino acids
94
Size of proteins
More than 50 amino acids
| Macromolecule
95
part of an amino acid most important for determining the proteins final structure
Side group
96
Characteristic shape of proteins
Large, globular
97
Levels of protein structure
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
98
Primary protein structure
Sequence of amino acids
99
Secondary protein structure
Helical coils and sheets
| Amino acid side group interactions
100
Tertiary protein structure
Interactions of coils and sheets
101
Quaternary protein structure
Multiple primary structures
102
Examples of structural proteins
Keratin & collagen
103
Proteins in form of signals
Hormones
104
Proteins in form to receive cellular signals
Receptors
105
Proteins in form responsible for catalysis in cellular metabolism
Enzymes
106
Examples of proteins involved in the movement of body
Motor proteins - Vesicles & Cilia
| Actin & Myocin - make muscles shorten
107
Necessity for cell adhesion proteins is because
Proteins bind cells together - tissue layers
108
How enzyme active sites are involved in lowering activation energy of anabolic and catabolic reactions
Lowering energy needed for the reaction
109
Reasons for enzymes not being changed by the reaction they catalyze
Enzymes can be used over and over
110
Function of cofactors
Metals necessary to active sites
111
Function of coenzymes
Complex organic structures necessary for active sites
112
How is a cofactor different than a coenzyme
Cofactors move electron density around
113
Three parts of a nucleotide
Nitrogen containing base
Five carbon monosaccharide
One or more phosphate groups
114
Nucleotide important for every process in the human body
ATP
115
Phosphorylation
Adding a phosphate group
116
Function of kinase
Perform phosphorylation
117
Monomers of DNA
A, T, C, G - nucleotides
118
Monomers of RNA
A, U, C, G - nucleotides
119
5-carbon sugar of DNA
Deoxyribose
120
5-carbon sugar of RNA
Ribose
