Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue

Question 1

2 systems for maintaining internal communication

Answer 1

endocrine system & nervous system

Question 2

Function of the endocrine system

Answer 2

releases hormones into the blood -

target cells respond

Question 3

Function of the nervous system

Answer 3

immediate messages from cell to cell -

by way of electrical impulses and chemical transmitters

Question 4

2 main parts of the nervous system

Answer 4

central nervous system & peripheral nervous system

Question 5

CNS contains:

Answer 5

brain & spinal cord

Question 6

PNS contains:

Answer 6

nerves & ganglia (outside CNS)

Question 7

bundle of fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue

Answer 7

nerve

Question 8

knot-like swelling in a nerve where cell bodies are concentrated

Answer 8

ganglion

Question 9

PNS divisions:

Answer 9

sensory & motor

Question 10

carries signals from various receptors

Answer 10

PNS sensory division

Question 11

carries signals from the CNS mainly to gland and muscle

Answer 11

PNS motor division

Question 12

carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints

Answer 12

somatic sensory (PNS)

Question 13

carries signals from receptors in the viscera of the thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 13

visceral sensory (PNS)

Question 14

carries signals to skeletal muscle

movements are voluntary

Answer 14

somatic motor (PNS)

Question 15

carries signals to glands, heart, & smooth muscle

actions are involuntary

Answer 15

visceral motor (PNS)

Question 16

ANS

Answer 16

autonomic nervous system

Question 17

PNS

Answer 17

peripheral nervous system

Question 18

visceral reflexes

Answer 18

responses of the ANS

Question 19

ANS is divided into:

Answer 19

sympathetic & parasympathetic

Question 20

example of response triggered by the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 20

increasing heart rate & respiratory airflow

Question 21

example of responses triggered by the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 21

reduced heart rate

Question 22

actions tend to arouse the body for action

Answer 22

sympathetic ANS

Question 23

tends to have calming effect

Answer 23

parasympathetic ANS

Question 24

nerve cells are called:

Answer 24

neurons

Question 25

properties of neurons

Answer 25

excitability, conductivity, & secretion

Question 26

functional classes of neurons

Answer 26

sensory, interneurons, & motor

Question 27

type of neuron that is specialized to detect stimuli; light, sound, heat, pressure, & chemicals

Answer 27

sensory neuron

Question 28

when triggered, transmits impulses to the CNS

Answer 28

sensory neuron

Question 29

type of neuron that is within the CNS, receives impulses from other neurons and integrates them, directs outgoing impulses to specific ares

Answer 29

interneurons

Question 30

type of neuron that sends signals to efferent organs, away from the CNS

Answer 30

motor neuron

Question 31

center of the neuron

Answer 31

Neurosoma | also: soma, cell body, perikaryon

Question 32

neurons cannot divide or progress through the cell cycle because the lack:

Answer 32

centrioles

Question 33

branches from the soma, site for receiving signals from other neurons, receive and transmit to the soma,

Answer 33

dendrites

Question 34

begins at axon hilock, tubular, unbranched, axon collateral at distal end

Answer 34

axon

Question 35

fine branches at the end of the axon

Answer 35

terminal arborization

Question 36

cytoplasm equivalent in the axon

Answer 36

axoplasm

Question 37

cell membrane equivalent of the axon

Answer 37

axolemma

Question 38

multipolar neurons have:

Answer 38

multiple dendrites, one axon

Question 39

most brain & spinal cord neurons are:

Answer 39

multipolar

Question 40

bipolar neurons have:

Answer 40

one axon, one dendrite

Question 41

neurons of the olfactory system and retina (light transmission) are:

Answer 41

bipolar

Question 42

unipolar neurons have:

Answer 42

one process away from the soma (T shaped)

Question 43

describe material transport in regard to the axon

Answer 43

materials must be transported to and away from the soma

Question 44

movement toward (down) the axon terminal

Answer 44

anterograde transport

Question 45

movement toward the soma

Answer 45

retrograde transport

Question 46

nervous tissue cells that support neurons

Answer 46

neuroglia (glial cells)

Question 47

cover entire surface of cell not involved in impulse propagation or synaptic transmission

Answer 47

glial cells

Question 48

6 types of supportive nervous tissue cells

Answer 48

``` oligodendrocytes ependymal cells microglia astrocytes Schwann cells satellite cells ```

Question 49

support cells only in the PNS

Answer 49

Schwann cells & satellite cells

Question 50

projections of flat membrane sheet wrap around axons

Answer 50

oligodendrocytes

Question 51

line internal cavities of the CNS, produce CSF

Answer 51

ependymal cells

Question 52

small macrophages, aid in CNS immune function, indicate tissue injury

Answer 52

microglia

Question 53

most abundant glial cell, covers brain surface, perivascular feet, contact blood vessels, converts glucose to lactate, regulates blood vessel diameter, regulates electrolyte concentrations

Answer 53

astrocytes

Question 54

scar tissue formed by astrocytes

Answer 54

astrocytes (sclerosis)

Question 55

wrap axons of peripheral nerves, create myelin sheaths in the PNS

Answer 55

Schwann cells

Question 56

surround soma in ganglia, provide electrical insulation, regulate chemical environment of ganglionic neurons

Answer 56

satellite cells

Question 57

spiral layer of insulation around a nerve fiber

Answer 57

myelin

Question 58

production of myelin

Answer 58

myelination

Question 59

centrifugal myelination

Answer 59

process in PNS

Question 60

centripetal myelination

Answer 60

process in CNS

Question 61

myelin sheath gaps

Answer 61

nodes of Ranvier

Question 62

the axon segment continuous with the soma

Answer 62

trigger zone

Question 63

2 factors that determine conduction speed

Answer 63

diameter & presence or absence of myelin

Question 64

large fibers with ______ axolemma surface area conduct impulses _______

Answer 64

more - faster

Question 65

small fibers with ______ axolemma surface area conduct impulses _______

Answer 65

less - slower

Question 66

unmyelinated axons transmit impulses ________ | *faster or slower*

Answer 66

faster

Question 67

myelinated axons transmit impulses ________ | *faster or slower*

Answer 67

slower

Question 68

meaningful patterns of action potential

Answer 68

neural coding

Question 69

receptors that recognized a specific stimulus all lead to neurons in a specific part of the brain

Answer 69

labeled line code