Chapter 1 Flashcards
Define anatomy
The study of form
Four examples of how inspection is the basis of the field of anatomy
Similarities in other species
Cadavers
Living humans including surgery
Use of imaging technology
Cytology
Individualized cells
Need microscope
Histology
Different tissue layers
Need a microscope
Define physiology
Study of function
What is the basis for physiology?
Experimentation
What type of physiology is the use of animal experimentation to understand human physiology?
Comparative
What is using a stethoscope scope to hear internal sounds called?
Auscultation
What is using the hands to inspect the body called?
Palpation
Define dissection
Cutting into structures of a human cadaver or animal to inspect 3-D relationships
Use of radiation detection to create an image is called what?
Radiology
The difference between a plain radiograph and CT image
Plain radiograph – 2D
CT - 3D
Difference between a PET scan image and an MRI image
PET - radioactive substance is injected, metabolism differences detected
MRI - magnet is used, soft tissues are imaged best
Father of medicine, ethics code for physicians
Hippocrates
First to publish anatomy and physiology works, comparative physiology
Aristotle
Physician to Roman gladiators, wrote books based on observations of wounds in living athletes
Claudius Galen
Jewish physician, wrote 10 medical books
Moses Ben Maimon
Muslim, studied Galen and Aristotle, wrote the canon of medicine
Avicenna
Professor, cadaver dissection to correct texts, wrote first atlas of anatomy
Andreas Vesalius
Physiology, motion of the heart
William Harvey
Recognized that blood must circulate continuously from the heart and then back to the heart
Michael Servetus
Optics and microscope’s, reviewed and shared observations of various biological samples
Robert Hooke & Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
Used improved microscope‘s to determine that all living organisms are made of cells
Determined that the cell was the smallest living unit of an organism
Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann
Difference between the independent and dependent variables on a graph
Independent - what the experimenter manipulates (x-axis)
Dependent- The change that is measured (y-axis)
How is the data generated from a control group used to reject the hypothesis of a physiology experiment?
If the control group changes
If the change is not what was expected
Why is repeating an experiment many times important for determining the importance and meaning of the experimental results?
To ensure the consistency and accuracy of the results
CONFIDENCE
Order of structural complexity of the human body
Atoms Molecule Organelles Cells Tissue layers Organs Organ systems Organism
Define metabolism
Sum of all internal chemical change
Define homeostasis
The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and in this way maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Define dynamic equilibrium
Balanced change
Multiple changes balance the body
What do feedback loops maintain
Dynamic equilibrium
Information comes in, decide to do something about it, action is taken, condition returns to normal
Negative feedback loop
Which type of feedback loop is self amplifying?
Positive feedback loop
Blood clotting, childbirth
Information comes in, affect turned on, affect turned higher and higher
Positive feedback loop
What type of feedback loop are most functions?
Negative feedback loop
What does it mean to move down the concentration gradient?
Move from high concentration to low concentration
No energy required
Which type of gradient change requires the use of cellular energy?
Moving up or against
Which type of gradient change occurs without the use of cellular energy?
Moving from high to low or down
How are gradients controlled in cells?
Membrane channels
The language used as the root of 90% of anatomical terms are which language?
Latin
Define eponym
Terms derived from a persons name
Termanologia Anatomica has been working to do what with eponyms?
Discourage use of eponyms
What is an acronym?
Using the first letter of each word in a name
ATM
