fighting

Question 1

cases of serious fighting involve:

Answer 1

1. Males fighting for access to females/ breeding sites
2. Females fighting for access to males
3. Animals disputing over food
   Fighting for territory
4. Groups fight for territory in a few species

Question 2

Serious fights between animals are generally between ____ competing for breeding access to ______.

Answer 2

males

females

Question 3

Fighting results ultimately from males ________, and this in turn results from sexual rather than asexual reproduction.

Answer 3

being different from females

Question 4

does it pay to produce as many sons as daughters

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

what have females become specialized in?

Answer 5

parental care

Question 6

1 way males can pass on their genes

Answer 6

competing for breeding access to females

Question 7

fitness equation causing sexual reproduction

Answer 7

F=1/2nSj + Sa

F  = fitness 
n  = number of offspring
Sj  = proportion of juveniles surviving from birth to 1st breeding
Sa = proportion of adults surviving from one breeding attempt to the next

Question 8

Which would do better?

A gene which makes its carriers risk little to get 10 offspring
n = 10; Sj = 0.1; Sa = 0.6

Or a gene which makes its carriers risk a lot to get 20 offspring
n = 20; Sj = 0.1; Sa = 0.3

Answer 8

2nd one

1. 1
2. 3

Question 9

how can males increase their fitness?

Answer 9

1. Paternal care (small minority of species)
2. Produce ornaments that appeal to females (e.g., widow birds)
3. Fight for breeding access to females (or breeding sites)

Question 10

why do red deer walk in parallel?

Answer 10

assessment of the opponent’s size

reduce chance of needless injury

Question 11

fitness definition

Answer 11

a measure of how fast the gene spreads in the population

Question 12

x= generation
y= gene frequency
graph

Answer 12

SEE POST IT

Question 13

fitness equation causing asexual reproduction

Answer 13

F=nSj + Sa

F  = fitness 
n  = number of offspring
Sj  = proportion of juveniles surviving from birth to 1st breeding
Sa = proportion of adults surviving from one breeding attempt to the next

Question 14

gene causing its carriers to reproduce asexually spreads …

Answer 14

nearly twice as fast as a gene causing its carriers to reproduce sexually
= x2 cost of sex

Question 15

why are males and females different?

Answer 15

· Evolutionary biologists define males and females in terms of the types of gamete they produce
Specialised gametes do better than general purpose gametes

Question 16

evolutionary biologists define males and females in terms of what?

Answer 16

types of gametes they produce

Question 17

Cell packed with nutrients to allow embryo growth

Answer 17

eggs

Question 18

Cell adapted to swim to find another gamete to combine with

Answer 18

sperm

Question 19

Specialised gametes do ____ than general purpose gametes

Answer 19

better

Question 20

Why are there so many males?

Answer 20

• Not many needed to fertilize the available females

- if deviation from 1:1 then mothers producing rarer sex favoured

Question 21

what would happen if there was a deviation from mothers producing 50:50 sons to daughters

Answer 21

mothers producing the rarer sex would be favoured by natural selection. This returns the population to a 50:50 sex ratio.

Question 22

what is a lek?

Answer 22

aggregation of male animals gathered to engage in competitive displays, lekking, to entice visiting females which are surveying prospective partners for copulation
e.g. ruffs, damselflies, uganda kob, black grouse, sage grouse, white- bearded manakin

Question 23

why 1:1 ratio of males to females

Answer 23

• a gene spreads causing females to produce FEWER sons than daughters
• Then on average males would have more offspring than females
• Then females producing mostly sons would get more grandchildren than females producing mostly daughters
• So a gene causing females to produce mostly sons would spread