development reading

Question 1

what happens to songbirds if they are caged during migration?

Answer 1

directional migratory restlessness

Question 2

Emlen’s experiment

Answer 2

• indigo buntings under natural sky
• indigo buntings under planetarium (rotating about pole star and betelgeuse)
• buntings raised without any sight of the sky

Question 3

conclusion of Emlen’s experiment

Answer 3

• no stars-> unable to orientate
• stars rotating about pole-> away from pole star
• stars rotating about betelgeuse-> away from betelgeuse
• Have an innate tendency to migrate in direction opposite to the star on the axis of rotation
• learn which star is on the axis of rotation

Question 4

precocial species

Answer 4

the young hatching occurs late in ontogeny

can normally move around and feed themselves just after hatching

Question 5

altricial species

Answer 5

the young hatching occurs early in ontogeny

Question 6

give an example of a precocial species

Answer 6

chickens- innately knows vocalisation

Question 7

give an example of a altricial species

Answer 7

white- crowned sparrow- learns song while nestling

Question 8

Grohmann’s experiement

Answer 8

• pigeons divided into 2 groups
• reared in tubes so could not move wings
• reared without restraint
• when no restrained pigeons could fly the tubed pigeons were released
• tubed pigeons could fly immediately upon release

Question 9

conclusion to Grohmann’s experiement

Answer 9

• behaviours do not appear until a particular stage of development is reach
• some develop without obvious form of practice

Question 10

what did Grohmann discover about featherless chickens

Answer 10

developed normal wing- flapping vestibular reflexes, even though these are completely ineffective

Question 11

what are the vocalisations of pigeons and domestical fowl dependent on

Answer 11

certain hormonal conditions

Question 12

imprinting definition

Answer 12

learning that takes place during a sensitive period in the early stage of an animal’s life
learning through attachment to the mother develops, less interested in other animals

Question 13

sensitive period definition

Answer 13

period of time during which a developing animal is especially sensitive to particular types of experience

Question 14

Gottlieb’s experiment

Answer 14

• took newly hatched mallard ducklings, separated from their mother
• followed a crude model of duck, a person, box moving away from them

Question 15

what sort of species does imprinting normally occur?

Answer 15

precocial species

Question 16

which species of finches do male zebra finches choose if they are raised by Bengalese finches?

Answer 16

Bengalese finches

Question 17

White- crowned sparrow song experiment

Marler and Mundinger

Answer 17

• reared in insolation
• not exposed to song-> subsong, abnormal adult song
• exposed 10-90 days old-> normal adult song
• before 8 days old-> abnormal adult song
• after 100 days old-> abnormal adult song
• deafened before song-> abnormal adult song
• deafened during sensitive period playing song but before they sing-> normal adult song

Question 18

conclusion of Marler and Mundinger’s experiment

Answer 18

the sensitive period for learning adult song is 10 – 90 days in white-crowned sparrows.
during the development of song they need feedback when hearing themselves sing so that they can match what they sing to a remembered ‘auditory template’.

Question 19

zebra finches song experiment

Answer 19

• young male zebra finch listens to father and another male’s song
• his song resembles father

Question 20

which learning is important at the stage of song production

Answer 20

action- based learning

Question 21

field sparrow and singing

Answer 21

2 or more are sung initially and as the young bird becomes territorial the number is reduced to 1, which matches that of his most actively singing neighbour

Question 22

differences between herring gull chicks and adults alarm behaviour

Answer 22

chicks
- move short distance from nest and crouch motionless and silent among vegetation
adults
- fly away from the nest uttering alarm calls

Question 23

innate behaviour definition

Answer 23

behaviour that develops without obvious environmental influences

environmental factors influence the development of all behaviour to some extent

Question 24

Kuo experiment

Answer 24

• placed windows in the eggshells to observe behaviour of the embryo
• head moved due to heart beat
• movements similar to pecking by 17th day

Question 25

adult cats vision

Answer 25

adult cat vision is abnormal if the coordination of vision from the 2 eyes of a kitten is disrupted during the 1st few months of life, by inducing an artificial squint or by covering each eye on alternate days so that the 2 eyes never work together