alturism Flashcards

1
Q

altruism definition

A

act which DECREASES the helper’s personal fitness and INCREASES the personal fitness of the recipient

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2
Q

example of alturism

A

take a risk to save someone from drowning

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3
Q

3 types of natural selection for alturism

A
  • group
  • individual
  • kin
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4
Q

what does group selection help?

A

group members

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5
Q

what does individual selection help?

A

reciprocal help

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6
Q

what does kin selection help?

A

relatives

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7
Q

condition for gene to spread in group selection

A

sum of b>c

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8
Q

condition for gene to spread in individual selection

A

b > c

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9
Q

condition for gene to spread in kin selection

A

rb > c

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10
Q

r (relatedness) for full siblings

A

1/2

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11
Q

r (relatedness) for half siblings or for grandparent/grandchild

A

1/4

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12
Q

r (relatedness) for cousins

A

1/8

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13
Q

if cost = 0.2 and benefit = 0.3 should I help my sister?

A

1/2 X 0.3=0.15 0.2

therefore rb

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14
Q

if cost = 0.3 and benefit = 0.8 should I help my grandchild?

A

1/4 X 0.8=0.2 0.3

Therefore rb< c so shouldn’t help

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15
Q

what does b= ?

A

benefit to recipient = increase in the personal fitness of the recipient

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16
Q

what does c=?

A

cost to helper = decrease in the helper’s personal fitness

17
Q

Most cases of altruism in the animal world are the result

A

kin selection

18
Q

But some cooperation is ________

19
Q

group and reciprocal alturism occurs ____

A

occasionally

20
Q

what is one of the most significant contributions to animal behaviour studies

A

hamilton’s rule

21
Q

hamilton’s rule

22
Q

how belding’s ground squirrel shows alturism

A
  • alarm calling as coyote approaches

- callers are more likely to be attacked and killed than non- callers

23
Q

how praire dogs shows alturism

A

callers stand on mounds giving alarm calls, hearers take cover in burrow

24
Q

conspecifics definition

A

a member of the same species.

25
how fallow deer shows alturism
white rumps perhaps warn conspecifics at a cost to the individual
26
how African wild dogs show alturism
The two leading dogs are likely the dominant individuals. They generally take the most dangerous roles in the hunt
27
how wild turkeys show alturism
Males are more successful if they display in groups. Only one gets to mate, the others are brothers
28
how meerkats show alturism
meerkats will look after other members offspring
29
how bee eaters (choughs and house martins) show alturism
Relatives help with the rearing of offspring
30
what does group selection theory require
- High rate of group extinctions - Very low rate of migration between groups rarely occurs
31
why is r easy to measure?
use DNA fingerprinting