alturism Flashcards

1
Q

altruism definition

A

act which DECREASES the helper’s personal fitness and INCREASES the personal fitness of the recipient

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2
Q

example of alturism

A

take a risk to save someone from drowning

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3
Q

3 types of natural selection for alturism

A
  • group
  • individual
  • kin
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4
Q

what does group selection help?

A

group members

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5
Q

what does individual selection help?

A

reciprocal help

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6
Q

what does kin selection help?

A

relatives

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7
Q

condition for gene to spread in group selection

A

sum of b>c

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8
Q

condition for gene to spread in individual selection

A

b > c

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9
Q

condition for gene to spread in kin selection

A

rb > c

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10
Q

r (relatedness) for full siblings

A

1/2

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11
Q

r (relatedness) for half siblings or for grandparent/grandchild

A

1/4

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12
Q

r (relatedness) for cousins

A

1/8

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13
Q

if cost = 0.2 and benefit = 0.3 should I help my sister?

A

1/2 X 0.3=0.15 0.2

therefore rb

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14
Q

if cost = 0.3 and benefit = 0.8 should I help my grandchild?

A

1/4 X 0.8=0.2 0.3

Therefore rb< c so shouldn’t help

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15
Q

what does b= ?

A

benefit to recipient = increase in the personal fitness of the recipient

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16
Q

what does c=?

A

cost to helper = decrease in the helper’s personal fitness

17
Q

Most cases of altruism in the animal world are the result

A

kin selection

18
Q

But some cooperation is ________

A

mutualism

19
Q

group and reciprocal alturism occurs ____

A

occasionally

20
Q

what is one of the most significant contributions to animal behaviour studies

A

hamilton’s rule

21
Q

hamilton’s rule

A

rB >C

22
Q

how belding’s ground squirrel shows alturism

A
  • alarm calling as coyote approaches

- callers are more likely to be attacked and killed than non- callers

23
Q

how praire dogs shows alturism

A

callers stand on mounds giving alarm calls, hearers take cover in burrow

24
Q

conspecifics definition

A

a member of the same species.

25
Q

how fallow deer shows alturism

A

white rumps perhaps warn conspecifics at a cost to the individual

26
Q

how African wild dogs show alturism

A

The two leading dogs are likely the dominant individuals. They generally take the most dangerous roles in the hunt

27
Q

how wild turkeys show alturism

A

Males are more successful if they display in groups. Only one gets to mate, the others are brothers

28
Q

how meerkats show alturism

A

meerkats will look after other members offspring

29
Q

how bee eaters (choughs and house martins) show alturism

A

Relatives help with the rearing of offspring

30
Q

what does group selection theory require

A
  • High rate of group extinctions
  • Very low rate of migration between groups

rarely occurs

31
Q

why is r easy to measure?

A

use DNA fingerprinting