communication

Question 1

genes producing signals are ____________ ______ genes in receivers making them respond to signals

Answer 1

different from

Question 2

what did Catchpole’s study of sedge warblers suggests

Answer 2

that genes are selected which make males sing more songs

Question 3

Two major problems in studying communication

Answer 3

• Hard to experimentally control signals, so hard to do experiments
• So, hard to test hypotheses about ritualization and communication

Question 4

Ritualization of Behaviour definition

Answer 4

Evolutionary process in which displays evolve

Question 5

Principle of antithesis definition

Answer 5

opposite postures are used for opposite emotions

Question 6

example of principle of antithesis in dogs

Answer 6

submissive dog

aggressive dog

Question 7

Female sedge warblers prefer males with larger …

Answer 7

song repertoires

Question 8

Great tits with larger song repertoires …

Answer 8

deter male rivals

Question 9

Larger stags have deeper roars. Roars of larger red deer stags get …

Answer 9

1. female’s attention

2. more attention from rivals

Question 10

example of displacement behaviour

Answer 10

stickleback fish males head- down posture

Question 11

Male sedge warblers with larger song repertoires get to …

Answer 11

pair earlier and produce more chicks

Question 12

Singing more songs (warblers and great tits)
Deeper roars in red deer stags
what do these traits do?

Answer 12

These traits attract females or deter rivals, and so increase reproductive success

Question 13

what sort of pattern do hawk moths’ have?

Answer 13

eye shape on wings when wings are spread

Question 14

do female zebra finches prefer:

• white crest
• no crest
• red crest
• green crest

Answer 14

white crest, then none and red and green equally

Question 15

protective reflexes which protect the sense organs in times of danger in man

Answer 15

narrow the eyes and furrow the brow
clench the teeth to protect the tongue
flatten the ears
raise the hairs around the neck to protect vessels in the neck

Question 16

what did Darwin say about the loss of facial hair in man?

Answer 16

hair clarifies the signal.

Eyebrows are retained to show if the eyes are being protected

Question 17

how came up with principle of antithesis

Answer 17

darwin

Question 18

approach/ avoidance conflict

Answer 18

animals have a motivation to approach (and attack) which is balanced against a motivation to avoid (and flee)

Question 19

displacement behaviour definition

Answer 19

apparently irrelevant activity that occurs in situations of conflict or thwarting
occurs in aggressive encounters, where the individual has simultaneous tendencies to attack and to flee

Question 20

2 animals that show attack/ court conflicts

Answer 20

stickleback

american green heron

Question 21

2 animals that show approach/ avoidance conflicts

Answer 21

stickleback

gull