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Fetal Growth And Development Flashcards

0
Q

Define the embryonic period.

A

Week 3 - week 8

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1
Q

Define the pre-embryonic period.

A

Fertilisation - week 3

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2
Q

Define the fetal period.

A

Week 8 - week 38

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3
Q

Describe, briefly, the pattern of fetal growth.

A
  • CRL increases rapidly in the pre-embryonic, embryonic, and early fetal periods
  • Weight gain is slow at first and rapidly increases in mid/late fetal periods
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4
Q

When is placental growth most significant?

A

Pre-embryonic/ Embryonic periods

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5
Q

When does protein deposition occur?

A

During early fetal growth

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6
Q

When does adipose deposition occur?

A

During late fetal growth

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7
Q

When is the head approximately half of CRL?

A

Week 9

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8
Q

When is the bronchopulmonary tree created?

A

Embryonic period

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9
Q

What happens in the pseudo glandular stage of lung development?

A

Ducts begin to form in pulmonary segments

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10
Q

When is the pseudoglandular stage of lung development?

A

Weeks 8-16

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11
Q

What happens in the canalicular stage of lung development?

A
  • Formation of respiratory bronchioles

- Lung become more vascular

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12
Q

When is the canalicular stage?

A

Weeks 16-26

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13
Q

What happens in the terminal sac stage of lung development?

A
  • Terminal sacs begin to bud from respiratory bronchioles
  • A few primitive alveoli appear
  • Differentiation of pneumocytes
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14
Q

When does the terminal sac stage of lung development occur?

A

Weeks 26 - Term

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15
Q

What is the function of a type I pneumocyte?

A

Gas exchange

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16
Q

What is the function of a type II pneumocyte?

A

Surfactant production

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17
Q

What are the three stages of lung development that occur in utero?

A
  • Pseudoglandular stage
  • Canalicular stage
  • Terminal sac stage
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18
Q

When are alveoli formed?

A
  • Post-natally

- Starts from late fetal period until age eight

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19
Q

What stage of lung development occurs from weeks 8-16?

A

Pseudoglandular stage

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20
Q

What stage of lung development occurs from weeks 16-26?

A

Canalicular stage

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21
Q

What stage of lung development occurs from week 26 - term?

A

Terminal sac stage

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22
Q

What stage of lung development occurs mostly after birth?

A

Alveolar period

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23
Q

Which pneumocyte is used for gas exchange?

A

Type I

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24
Which pneumocyte is used for surfactant production?
Type II
25
When is the definitive heart rate achieved?
Week 15
26
What is fetal bradycardia associated with?
Fetal demise
27
What is required for coordinated movement?
Corticospinal tracts
28
When do coordinated movements begin?
4 months
29
What movements develop after week 8?
Suckling and breathing
30
What matures first? Hearing and taste, or vision?
Hearing and taste
31
When can fetal movements be seen by USS?
Week 8
32
When does the mother become aware of fetal movements?
Week 17
33
When is the ascent of the kidneys complete?
Week 10
34
When does the fetal kidney begin to function?
Week 10
35
When are renal pelvis and calyces present?
Week 13
36
What does fetal urine contribute to?
Amniotic fluid volume
37
Where does the bladder lie in the fetus/infant?
Abdominal cavity
38
After how many minutes is the fetal bladder emptied?
40-60 mins
39
What tests are done to assess fetal development?
- Fetal movement - Fetal breathing movement - Fetal tone - Amniotic fluid volume - Non-stress test
40
Which systems are assessed in a fetal movement test?
- MSK | - Nervous system
41
Which systems are assessed in a fetal breathing movement test?
- Respiratory - MSK - Nervous system
42
Which systems are assessed in a fetal tone test?
- MSK | - Nervous system
43
Which systems are assessed in an amniotic fluid volume test?
- Urinary - GI - Utero-placental
44
Which systems are assessed in a non-stress test?
- CVS | - Autonomic nervous system
45
What techniques are used to assess fetal development?
- USS - Doppler ultrasound - Non-stress test - Fetal movements kick chart
46
What is the criteria for fetal growth restriction?
Fetal weight is below 10th percentile for gestational age
47
What are the two types of growth restriction?
- Symmetrical growth restriction | - Asymmetrical growth restriction
48
What are the features of symmetrical growth restriction?
Generalised and proportional
49
What are the features of asymmetrical growth restriction?
- Abdominal growth lags | - Relative sparing of head growth
50
What is the cause of asymmetrical growth restriction?
Deprivation of nutritional and oxygen supply
51
How can fetal age be assessed?
- Duration of pregnancy - Developmental criteria - Symphysis-fundal height
52
How can duration of pregnancy assess fetal age?
- Fertilisation age | - Last menstrual period
53
How can developmental criteria be used to assess fetal age?
- CRL in T1 - Biparietal diameter in T2&3 - Foot length - Weight and appearance after delivery
54
What can poor nutrition in early pregnancy lead to?
Neural tube defects ➡️ DiGeorge syndrome
55
What can poor nutrition in late pregnancy lead to?
- Asymmetrical growth restriction | - Subsequent oligohydroaminos
56
What is the threshold of viability?
Viability of pre-term neonate is only possible once lungs have entered terminal sac stage. Week 26.
57
What is respiratory distress syndrome?
- Affects infants born prematurely, as they are unable to produce sufficient surfactant - Usually occurs where pre-term delivery is unavoidable or inevitable
58
How do you treat respiratory distress syndrome?
Glucocorticoid treatment of the mother will increase surfactant production in the fetus.
59
What is oligohydraminos a sign of?
- Placental insufficiency - Fetal venal impairment - Pre-eclampsia
60
What is polyhydraminos a sign of?
Fetal abnormality e.g. Inability to swallow - Blind ended oesophagus - Unable to coordinate swallowing movements
61
What is the purpose of amniotic fluid?
- Provides mechanical protection | - Provides a moist environment
62
What is the volume of amniotic fluid at 8 weeks?
10 ml
63
What is the volume of amniotic fluid at 38 weeks?
1L
64
What does the volume of amniotic fluid fall to at 42 weeks?
~300 ml
65
What is amniotic fluid formed from in early pregnancy?
Maternal fluids
66
How much urine does the metanephros produce at 25 weeks?
100 ml per day
67
How much urine does the metanephros produce at term?
500 ml per day
68
How is fetal bilirubin excreted?
Crosses the placenta to be conjugated and excreted by the mother
69
Why do neonates develop jaundice sometimes?
Conjugation of bilirubin is not quickly established after birth
70
What can help neonates to establish conjugation of bilirubin?
Phototherapy
71
What changes occur only a few minutes after birth?
- First breath reduces vascular resistance of lungs - Greater venous return to left atrium - Foramen ovale flap valve shuts
72
What changes occur in the few hours after birth?
Increased pO2 and decreased concentration of prostaglandins leads to constriction of ductus arteriosus and umbilical arteries
73
What changes occur in the next few days after birth?
Stasis of blood in the umbilical vein and ductus venosus leads to clotting of blood and closure due to subsequent fibrosis
74
What is a good indicator of fetal O2 saturation?
Fetal HR
75
What value is fetal pO2?
4 kPa

Reproductive System (12 decks)

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