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Reproductive System > Coitus and conception > Flashcards

Coitus and conception Flashcards

0
Q

What are the two stimulants of erection?

A
  • Psychogenic

- Tactile

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1
Q

What is emission?

A

Movement of ejaculate into the prostatic urethra before ejaculation by peristalsis of vas deferens

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2
Q

What are the efferent so involved in erection?

A
  • Pelvic nerve (PNS)

- Pudendal nerve (somatic)

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3
Q

What haemodynamic changes occur in erection?

A
  • Inhibition of sympathetic arterial vasoconstrictor nerves
  • Activation of PNS
  • Activation of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves to arteries releasing NO
  • Central arteries of corpus cavernosa straighten and dilate
  • Bulbospongiosus and ischocavernosus compress veins
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4
Q

What does the PNS do to promote erection?

A
  • Acts via pelvic nerve
  • ACh binds to M3 receptors
  • Rise in Ca concentration activates NOS
  • NO increases
  • NO diffuses into VSMC causing relaxation and thus vasodilation
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5
Q

How does NO cause vasodilation?

A
  • Increases cGMP
  • Ca moves into Intracellular stores, reducing its concentration
  • Reduced actin-myosin cross bridges
  • Relaxation of smooth muscle
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6
Q

What happens when central arteries of corpus cavernosa straighten and dilate?

A

Blood flows into and dilates the cavernous spaces

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7
Q

Why does corpus sponsiosum not dilate as much?

A

Do not want to compress urethra

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8
Q

How does the action of Bulbospongiosus and ischocavernosus help maintain erection?

A
  • Compression of veins
  • Corpra cavernosa become engorged with high blood pressure
  • Erectile bodies become turgid
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9
Q

What are the causes of erectile dysfunction?

A
  • Psychological
  • Tears in fibrous tissue do corpus cavernosa
  • Vascular pathology
  • Factors blocking NO
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10
Q

What factors can block NO?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Anti-hypertensives
  • Diabetes
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11
Q

How does Viagra work?

A

Inhibits the breakdown of cGMP

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12
Q

What nerve roots control ejaculation?

A

L1&2 SNS

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13
Q

What happens for ejaculation to occur?

A
  • Contraction of glands and ducts
  • Bladder and internal sphincter contract
  • Rhythmic striated muscle contractions (pelvic floor, perineum, hip and anal muscles)
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14
Q

Why does the internal urethral sphincter contact in ejaculation?

A

To prevent retrograde ejaculation

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15
Q

What is the normal volume of ejaculate?

A

2-4 ml

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16
Q

What is the volume of sperm present in semen?

A

20-200 x10^6 per ml

17
Q

How much do the seminal vesicles contribute to semen volume?

A

60%

18
Q

What is present in secretion from the seminal vesicles?

A
  • Alkaline fluid
  • Fructose
  • Prostaglandins
  • Clotting factors
19
Q

What is present in secretion from the prostate?

A
  • Proteolytic enzymes

- Citric acid

20
Q

How much does secretions from the prostate contribute to semen volume?

A

25%

21
Q

What does the Bulbourethral gland do?

A

Secretes a small amount of alkaline fluid to lubricate the end of the penis and urethral lining prior to ejaculation

22
Q

Why does semen coagulate immediately after ejaculation?

A

Prevents sperm being lost from the vagina

23
Q

What causes semen to coagulate immediately after ejaculation?

A

Clotting factors

24
Q

What causes semen to re-liquify?

A

Proteolytic enzymes

25
Q

How long after ejaculation does semen re-liquify?

A

10-20 mins

26
Q

What allows sperm to move?

A
  • Own propulsive capacity

- Current caused by action of ciliated cells in uterine tract

27
Q

Describe the process of capacitation.

A
  • Further maturation of sperm
  • Removal of glycoprotein coat allows fusion with oocytes
  • Change in tail movement from beat to whip-like action
  • Sperm become responsive to signals from oocyte
28
Q

Describe the acrosomal reaction.

A
  • Capacitated sperm makes contacts with oocyte zona pellucida
  • Membranes fuse (this is the start of the reaction)
  • Acrosome swells and liberates its contents by exocytosis
  • Penetration of zona pellucida due to proteolytic enzymes and further binding
29
Q

What physiological changes occur in the female?

A
  • Vaginal lubrication
  • Internal enlargement of vagina
  • Swelling and engorgement of external genitalia
  • Cervical mucus production
30
Q

What type of mucus is secreted in the presence of oestrogen only?

A

Clear, non-viscous mucus

31
Q

What type of mucus is secreted in presence of oestrogen and progesterone?

A

Thick, sticky mucus plug

32
Q

When does meiosis I occur? (Primary oocyte)

A

At ovulation

33
Q

What does meiosis I produce?

A
  • Secondary oocyte

- First polar body

34
Q

When does meiosis II occur? (Secondary oocyte)

A

At fertilisation

35
Q

What does meiosis II produce?

A
  • Second polar body

- Ootid ➡️ Ovum

36
Q

Where does fertilisation usually occur?

A

Ampulla

37
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Implantation of conceptus in any place other than uterine wall

38
Q

Why does ectopic pregnancy occur?

A

Failure to transport egg

39
Q

What are the sites of implantation in an ectopic pregnancy?

A
  • Uterine tube
  • Ovary
  • Abdomen
40
Q

What are the risks of an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Severe maternal haemorrhage

Reproductive System (12 decks)

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