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242 A&P > Fetal Development Exam 7 > Flashcards

Fetal Development Exam 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Initial Fertilized Egg

A

Zygote

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2
Q

contains all genetic information for all of life

A

zygote

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3
Q
  1. Corona Radiata
  2. Zona Pellucida
  3. Plasma membrane of secondary oocyte
  4. Cytoplasm of secondary oocyte
A

Path of sperm cell

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4
Q

FIrst 36 hours

A

From 1 to 2 cells

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5
Q

36-72 hours

A

From 2 - 16 cells

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6
Q

16 cells

  • solid
  • where differentiation begins
A

Morula

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7
Q

Days 4-5

A

100 cells

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8
Q

100 cells =

A

blastocyst

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9
Q
  • Now in uterus
  • Fluid-filled hollow sphere
  • differentiation has begun
A

Blastocyst

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10
Q

Thin, spherical shells, that forms placenta

A

Trophoblasts

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11
Q

Cells become embryonic disc –> embryo

A

inner cell mass

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12
Q

6 days after ovulation

A
  • Implantation begins

- Trophoblast cells do work

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13
Q

6 days after ovulation,

Implantation…?

A

takes one week; done by 14th day

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14
Q

6 days after ovulation,

What are trophoblasts doing?

A

those next to inner mass cells adhere to endometrium
-form placenta
Secrete HCG
-Form chorion after implanation

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15
Q

Trophoblasts secrete HCG, what does it do?

A

Stimulates corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen

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16
Q

-An LH-like hormone

Stimulates corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone & estrogen

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

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17
Q

First produced by trophoblast cells of blastocyst
Detectable in blood by 3rd week of gestation (1 week after fertilization)
Production continued by chorion

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

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18
Q

Peaks at end of 2nd month
Then falls to low at end of 4th month
Remains stable thereafter

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

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19
Q

Who provides nutrients?

first?

A

Large ovum provides nutrients until implanation

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20
Q

Who provides nutrients?

2nd

A

Digestion of endometrial cells by trophoblasts

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21
Q

Who provides nutrients?

3rd

A

Placenta provides (by 2nd month)

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22
Q

8 weeks

A

Humanoid

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23
Q

Groundwork of all systems is laid
1 inch long
Has limbs, fingers, and toes
Major organs present

A

8 weeks

Humanoid

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24
Q

14 – 16 inches
Fine hair and fingernails
Has everything but hypothalamus and lungs

A

28 weeks

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25
Q

By end of 8th week,

  • All of the organ systems have been started (even if they may be quite primitive)
  • The placenta is now producing ___, ___, and other hormones and is truly an endocrine organ
A

estrogen, progesterone

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26
Q

By end of 8th week,

  • The corpus luteum quits functioning as a hormone producer
  • The gonads of the male fetus now begin to produce ___
A

testosterone

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27
Q

These tissues sensitive to tesosterone

A

Reproductive System

Brain

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28
Q
  • Gonads form at about 8 weeks
  • Male external genitalia form in the presence of testosterone
  • Female external genitalia form in the absence of testosterone
A

Testosterone influences on Genitalia

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29
Q

Testosterone on

  • Corpus Callosum?
  • Brain
A

CC: smaller > Women, fewer neural pathways
Brain: may affect neural organization

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30
Q

The interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus is larger/smaller in the male than in the female

A

larger

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31
Q

The right cortex of the cerebrum of the brain is thicker?/thinner? than the cortex of the left side of the brain when testosterone has been present during fetal development

A

Thicker

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32
Q

The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body
The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body

A

Voluntary Motor Skills

SYmmetric brain

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33
Q

The left side of the brain senses the right side of the body

The right side of the brain senses the left side of the body

A

Cutaneous Sensation

Symmetric Brain

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34
Q

Language
Mathematics
Logic

A

Left Side Dominant

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35
Q

Ability to put ideas into words & say them

Right-handedness

A

Left Side Dominant

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36
Q

Controls the ability to put ideas into words and say them

Is on the left side of the brain in most (?~97%) of people

A

Broca’s Area of Brain

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37
Q

Musical ability
The recognition of complex visual patterns
The expression of emotions

A

Right Side of Brain

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38
Q

Facial Recognition
“Ah-ha” (insightful) nature
Fantasy & Spontaneity

A

Right Side

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39
Q

Who is better at

  • On tests of perceptual speed
  • In their ability to remember things that are out of place
  • With ideational and verbal fluency
  • In tasks requiring fine-motor skills
  • On mathematical calculation tests
A

Women

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40
Q

Who is better at:

  • At doing mental manipulation of 3-dimensional objects
  • In their accuracy at target-directed motor skills
  • At analyzing complex visual patterns
  • With mathematical reasoning or logic
A

men

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41
Q

A condition resulting when the adrenal gland grows out of control to a size that is inappropriately large

A

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

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42
Q

In this situation the adrenal gland secretes inappropriately large amounts of hormones (including androgens, male hormones) prior to birth

A

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

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43
Q

Their fetal development is significantly influenced by the androgen (testosterone) hormone
The results are similar to that of the normal male

A

females with CAH

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44
Q

Treatment of the abnormal adrenal gland soon after birth

  • Can correct the masculinization of the genitals
  • But the prenatal effects of the androgens on the brain can not be reversed
A

females with CAH

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45
Q

tend to be more verbal than males

A

females

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46
Q

seem to come to conclusions about situations (such as character evaluation) faster than men

A

females

47
Q

seem to be able to input multiple sensory stimuli better than men; that is, they can simultaneously be aware of a variety of activities

A

females better than men

48
Q

pituitary gland produces FSH/LH in both/only? M/F?

A

both m and female

49
Q

female FSH/LH

A

cyclically produced at menarche and menopause

50
Q

male FSH/LH

A

continuous basis throughout life

51
Q

have a better sense of smell than males from birth onward

A

f

52
Q

more sensitive to loud sounds

A

f

53
Q

more sensitive to bright lights

A

m

54
Q

can detect more subtle differences in light

A

m

55
Q

Sexual interests and stimulants are different for

A

m and f

56
Q

show a strong, early response to human faces

A

infant girls

57
Q

are more than 3:1 more likely than girls to be left-handed, nearsighted, and dyslexic

A

boys

58
Q

depressive higher in

A

women

59
Q

suicide of doctors higher in

A

females

60
Q

Substance abuse is higher among

A

men

61
Q

if alcoholic, ___ more likely to abuse other drugs

A

females

62
Q

more are conceived and born

A

men

63
Q

live longer

A

females

64
Q

take more social risks

A

men

65
Q

more likely to smoke, drink, be involved in fatal accidents

A

men

66
Q

have more lethal illnesses

A

men

67
Q

have more chronic illnesses

A

women

68
Q

Thyroid diseases
Bladder infections, disorders
Anemias
Spastic colon

A

chronic - more in women

69
Q

Frequent constipation
Varicose veins
Migraine headaches
Chronic enteritis and colitis

A

chronic - more in women

70
Q 
Sciatica
Corns and calluses
Neuralgia and neuritis
Gallstones
Arthritis
A

chronic - more in women

71
Q

Dermatitis
Gastritis & duodenitis
Diverticulitis
Bunions

A

chronic - more in women

72
Q

Emphysema
Atherosclerosis
Ischemic heart disease

A

lethal stuff - more in men

73
Q

harder time staying lean

A

women

74
Q

spend 40% more sick days

A

women

75
Q

more likely under age 40 to suffer allergies and hiccups

A

men

76
Q

more symptoms in type 2 diabeetus

A

women

77
Q

Change in the presence or absence of testosterone with cell turnover –

A

possible with external genitalia and internal reproductive duct system

NOT with brain

78
Q 
Aggressive
Competitive
Performance-oriented
Problem-solvers
Risk-takers
A

traits with testosterone

79
Q 
Advancing Maternal Age
Sexually-transmitted Infections
Diet
Caffeine
Alcohol
Tobacco
Drugs
Medications
A

Exogenous Prenatal Influences

80
Q 
Increased risk for
A child with chromosomal abnormalities
Down’s Syndrome
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
Sickle cell anemia
Hemophilia
Thalassemia
Cystic fibrosis
Tay-Sachs disease
A

Advancing maternal age

81
Q

Increased risk for neural tube disorder

A

Advancing maternal age

82
Q

most frequent spina bifida

15-20% of population

A

occulta

83
Q

closure of levels above cord ALMOST complete

A

Spina Bifida Dermal Sinus

84
Q

Spina Bifida Meningocele - worse

A

but surgically correctable

85
Q

Results in neonatal death several minutes to several days

Neural tube defect

A

Anencephaly

86
Q

“no brain”

A

Acrania

87
Q

Nearly half of all children infected in the womb will die shortly before or after birth
Abnormal notched and peg-shaped teeth
Blindness

A

Syphillis

88
Q

Deafness
Deformity of the face
Neurological problems

A

Syphillis

89
Q

Risk increased 2x if mother during pregnancy has
Gonorrhea
Trichomoniasis
Bacterial vaginosis

A

Crytomegalovirus (CMV)

90
Q

Risk increased 4x if mother

  • Is less than 20 years old
  • Not married
  • Has medicaid or no insurance
A

Crytomegalovirus (CMV)

91
Q

Can only be transmitted by mother, but mother can be infected by male (even during pregnancy and transmit it to fetus)

A

HIV

92
Q 
Congenital neural tube defects
Excessive intake (>10,000 IU/day)  (1/57 babies
A

Vitamin A in excess

93
Q

Inadequate amounts

-Congenital neural tube defects

A

Folic Acid ( B vitamin variety)

94
Q

Lowered birth weight of babies who weren’t smokers

A

more with increased caffeine intake

95
Q

is the leading cause of mental retardation in the Western world

A

Alcohol

96
Q

Irreversible

One of the leading causes of mental retardation

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

97
Q 
Sx:
Clumsiness
Behavioral problems
Stunted growth
Mental retardation
Impaired memory
Brief attention span
Poor judgment
Poor capacity to learn from experience
A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

98
Q

The child tends to lag behind in physical growth (before & after birth)
Brain involvement with such problems as
Characteristic facial abnormalities

A

FAS

99
Q

Intellectual impairment
Hyperactivity
Distractibility
Impulsivity

A

FAS

100
Q 
Small eye openings
A small head circumference (microcephaly)
Thin upper lip
Skin folds at the corners of their eyes
Low nasal bridge
A

FAS baby

101
Q

alcohol consumption is related to a higher risk of

A

Leukemia in child

102
Q 
Spontaneous abortion
Prematurity
Low birth weight
Perinatal mortality
Low Apgar score
A

Increased risks of with smoking

103
Q

60% more likely in smokers

200% more likely in smokers under 135 pounds

A

Premature births more likely

104
Q

many chemicals in smoke are ___ soluble; if mother is low weight, these chemicals will actually go to ____

A

fat; stay in the blood

105
Q 
Urinary tract abnormalities
Decreased head  circumference (microcephaly)
Heart defects
Neural tube defects
Esophageal atresia
Limb abnormalities
Decreased fetal growth
A

Cocaine Use during pregnancy

106
Q

Only about ___ medications currently on the US market have been proven to cause birth defects

A

30

107
Q

Limb Reduction effects

meant to prevent morning sickness

A

Bendectin

108
Q

Limbs - hands out of shoulder
helped women remain calmer during pregnancy
-only if in blood during 15 hr of transcription did it effect the baby’s limbs

A

Thaladomide

109
Q

Yellow-brown discoloration of the teeth

An increased incidence of inguinal hernias

A

Tetracycline

110
Q

chronic use in final weeks of pregnancy

  • lowers fetal birth weight
  • increases incidence of: still birth, neonatal mortality, antepartum and postpartum bleeding, complicated deliveries, prolonged gestation
A

Aspirin

111
Q

ups risk of cleft palate
floppy infant syndrome
-hypotonia, difficulty in suckling, hypothermia

A

Diazepam

112
Q

Avoid all unnecessary medications

Use the lowest possible dosage of any medications used

A

To Pregnant Women

113
Q

For women with depression

A

Counseling, nutrition, lifestyle therapy
-MAOI’s should be avoided
SSRI’s appear to be safe

242 A&P (5 decks)

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