Fetal Development Exam 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Initial Fertilized Egg
A
Zygote
2
Q
contains all genetic information for all of life
A
zygote
3
Q
- Corona Radiata
- Zona Pellucida
- Plasma membrane of secondary oocyte
- Cytoplasm of secondary oocyte
A
Path of sperm cell
4
Q
FIrst 36 hours
A
From 1 to 2 cells
5
Q
36-72 hours
A
From 2 - 16 cells
6
Q
16 cells
- solid
- where differentiation begins
A
Morula
7
Q
Days 4-5
A
100 cells
8
Q
100 cells =
A
blastocyst
9
Q
- Now in uterus
- Fluid-filled hollow sphere
- differentiation has begun
A
Blastocyst
10
Q
Thin, spherical shells, that forms placenta
A
Trophoblasts
11
Q
Cells become embryonic disc –> embryo
A
inner cell mass
12
Q
6 days after ovulation
A
- Implantation begins
- Trophoblast cells do work
13
Q
6 days after ovulation,
Implantation…?
A
takes one week; done by 14th day
14
Q
6 days after ovulation,
What are trophoblasts doing?
A
those next to inner mass cells adhere to endometrium
-form placenta
Secrete HCG
-Form chorion after implanation
15
Q
Trophoblasts secrete HCG, what does it do?
A
Stimulates corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen
16
Q
-An LH-like hormone
Stimulates corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone & estrogen
A
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
17
Q
First produced by trophoblast cells of blastocyst
Detectable in blood by 3rd week of gestation (1 week after fertilization)
Production continued by chorion
A
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
18
Q
Peaks at end of 2nd month
Then falls to low at end of 4th month
Remains stable thereafter
A
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
19
Q
Who provides nutrients?
first?
A
Large ovum provides nutrients until implanation
20
Q
Who provides nutrients?
2nd
A
Digestion of endometrial cells by trophoblasts
21
Q
Who provides nutrients?
3rd
A
Placenta provides (by 2nd month)
22
Q
8 weeks
A
Humanoid
23
Q
Groundwork of all systems is laid
1 inch long
Has limbs, fingers, and toes
Major organs present
A
8 weeks
Humanoid
24
Q
14 – 16 inches
Fine hair and fingernails
Has everything but hypothalamus and lungs
A
28 weeks
25
By end of 8th week,
- All of the organ systems have been started (even if they may be quite primitive)
- The placenta is now producing ___, ___, and other hormones and is truly an endocrine organ
estrogen, progesterone
26
By end of 8th week,
- The corpus luteum quits functioning as a hormone producer
- The gonads of the male fetus now begin to produce ___
testosterone
27
These tissues sensitive to tesosterone
Reproductive System
| Brain
28
- Gonads form at about 8 weeks
- Male external genitalia form in the presence of testosterone
- Female external genitalia form in the absence of testosterone
Testosterone influences on Genitalia
29
Testosterone on
- Corpus Callosum?
- Brain
CC: smaller > Women, fewer neural pathways
Brain: may affect neural organization
30
The interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus is larger/smaller in the male than in the female
larger
31
The right cortex of the cerebrum of the brain is thicker?/thinner? than the cortex of the left side of the brain when testosterone has been present during fetal development
Thicker
32
The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body
The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body
Voluntary Motor Skills
| SYmmetric brain
33
The left side of the brain senses the right side of the body
| The right side of the brain senses the left side of the body
Cutaneous Sensation
| Symmetric Brain
34
Language
Mathematics
Logic
Left Side Dominant
35
Ability to put ideas into words & say them
| Right-handedness
Left Side Dominant
36
Controls the ability to put ideas into words and say them
| Is on the left side of the brain in most (?~97%) of people
Broca's Area of Brain
37
Musical ability
The recognition of complex visual patterns
The expression of emotions
Right Side of Brain
38
Facial Recognition
“Ah-ha” (insightful) nature
Fantasy & Spontaneity
Right Side
39
Who is better at
- On tests of perceptual speed
- In their ability to remember things that are out of place
- With ideational and verbal fluency
- In tasks requiring fine-motor skills
- On mathematical calculation tests
Women
40
Who is better at:
- At doing mental manipulation of 3-dimensional objects
- In their accuracy at target-directed motor skills
- At analyzing complex visual patterns
- With mathematical reasoning or logic
men
41
A condition resulting when the adrenal gland grows out of control to a size that is inappropriately large
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
42
In this situation the adrenal gland secretes inappropriately large amounts of hormones (including androgens, male hormones) prior to birth
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
43
Their fetal development is significantly influenced by the androgen (testosterone) hormone
The results are similar to that of the normal male
females with CAH
44
Treatment of the abnormal adrenal gland soon after birth
- Can correct the masculinization of the genitals
- But the prenatal effects of the androgens on the brain can not be reversed
females with CAH
45
tend to be more verbal than males
females
46
seem to come to conclusions about situations (such as character evaluation) faster than men
females
47
seem to be able to input multiple sensory stimuli better than men; that is, they can simultaneously be aware of a variety of activities
females better than men
48
pituitary gland produces FSH/LH in both/only? M/F?
both m and female
49
female FSH/LH
cyclically produced at menarche and menopause
50
male FSH/LH
continuous basis throughout life
51
have a better sense of smell than males from birth onward
f
52
more sensitive to loud sounds
f
53
more sensitive to bright lights
m
54
can detect more subtle differences in light
m
55
Sexual interests and stimulants are different for
m and f
56
show a strong, early response to human faces
infant girls
57
are more than 3:1 more likely than girls to be left-handed, nearsighted, and dyslexic
boys
58
depressive higher in
women
59
suicide of doctors higher in
females
60
Substance abuse is higher among
men
61
if alcoholic, ___ more likely to abuse other drugs
females
62
more are conceived and born
men
63
live longer
females
64
take more social risks
men
65
more likely to smoke, drink, be involved in fatal accidents
men
66
have more lethal illnesses
men
67
have more chronic illnesses
women
68
Thyroid diseases
Bladder infections, disorders
Anemias
Spastic colon
chronic - more in women
69
Frequent constipation
Varicose veins
Migraine headaches
Chronic enteritis and colitis
chronic - more in women
70
```
Sciatica
Corns and calluses
Neuralgia and neuritis
Gallstones
Arthritis
```
chronic - more in women
71
Dermatitis
Gastritis & duodenitis
Diverticulitis
Bunions
chronic - more in women
72
Emphysema
Atherosclerosis
Ischemic heart disease
lethal stuff - more in men
73
harder time staying lean
women
74
spend 40% more sick days
women
75
more likely under age 40 to suffer allergies and hiccups
men
76
more symptoms in type 2 diabeetus
women
77
Change in the presence or absence of testosterone with cell turnover –
possible with external genitalia and internal reproductive duct system
NOT with brain
78
```
Aggressive
Competitive
Performance-oriented
Problem-solvers
Risk-takers
```
traits with testosterone
79
```
Advancing Maternal Age
Sexually-transmitted Infections
Diet
Caffeine
Alcohol
Tobacco
Drugs
Medications
```
Exogenous Prenatal Influences
80
```
Increased risk for
A child with chromosomal abnormalities
Down’s Syndrome
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
Sickle cell anemia
Hemophilia
Thalassemia
Cystic fibrosis
Tay-Sachs disease
```
Advancing maternal age
81
Increased risk for neural tube disorder
Advancing maternal age
82
most frequent spina bifida
| 15-20% of population
occulta
83
closure of levels above cord ALMOST complete
Spina Bifida Dermal Sinus
84
Spina Bifida Meningocele - worse
but surgically correctable
85
Results in neonatal death several minutes to several days
Neural tube defect
Anencephaly
86
"no brain"
Acrania
87
Nearly half of all children infected in the womb will die shortly before or after birth
Abnormal notched and peg-shaped teeth
Blindness
Syphillis
88
Deafness
Deformity of the face
Neurological problems
Syphillis
89
Risk increased 2x if mother during pregnancy has
Gonorrhea
Trichomoniasis
Bacterial vaginosis
Crytomegalovirus (CMV)
90
Risk increased 4x if mother
- Is less than 20 years old
- Not married
- Has medicaid or no insurance
Crytomegalovirus (CMV)
91
Can only be transmitted by mother, but mother can be infected by male (even during pregnancy and transmit it to fetus)
HIV
92
```
Congenital neural tube defects
Excessive intake (>10,000 IU/day) (1/57 babies
```
Vitamin A in excess
93
Inadequate amounts
| -Congenital neural tube defects
Folic Acid ( B vitamin variety)
94
Lowered birth weight of babies who weren't smokers
more with increased caffeine intake
95
is the leading cause of mental retardation in the Western world
Alcohol
96
Irreversible
| One of the leading causes of mental retardation
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
97
```
Sx:
Clumsiness
Behavioral problems
Stunted growth
Mental retardation
Impaired memory
Brief attention span
Poor judgment
Poor capacity to learn from experience
```
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
98
The child tends to lag behind in physical growth (before & after birth)
Brain involvement with such problems as
Characteristic facial abnormalities
FAS
99
Intellectual impairment
Hyperactivity
Distractibility
Impulsivity
FAS
100
```
Small eye openings
A small head circumference (microcephaly)
Thin upper lip
Skin folds at the corners of their eyes
Low nasal bridge
```
FAS baby
101
alcohol consumption is related to a higher risk of
Leukemia in child
102
```
Spontaneous abortion
Prematurity
Low birth weight
Perinatal mortality
Low Apgar score
```
Increased risks of with smoking
103
60% more likely in smokers
| 200% more likely in smokers under 135 pounds
Premature births more likely
104
many chemicals in smoke are ___ soluble; if mother is low weight, these chemicals will actually go to ____
fat; stay in the blood
105
```
Urinary tract abnormalities
Decreased head circumference (microcephaly)
Heart defects
Neural tube defects
Esophageal atresia
Limb abnormalities
Decreased fetal growth
```
Cocaine Use during pregnancy
106
Only about ___ medications currently on the US market have been proven to cause birth defects
30
107
Limb Reduction effects
| meant to prevent morning sickness
Bendectin
108
Limbs - hands out of shoulder
helped women remain calmer during pregnancy
-only if in blood during 15 hr of transcription did it effect the baby's limbs
Thaladomide
109
Yellow-brown discoloration of the teeth
| An increased incidence of inguinal hernias
Tetracycline
110
chronic use in final weeks of pregnancy
- lowers fetal birth weight
- increases incidence of: still birth, neonatal mortality, antepartum and postpartum bleeding, complicated deliveries, prolonged gestation
Aspirin
111
ups risk of cleft palate
floppy infant syndrome
-hypotonia, difficulty in suckling, hypothermia
Diazepam
112
Avoid all unnecessary medications
| Use the lowest possible dosage of any medications used
To Pregnant Women
113
For women with depression
Counseling, nutrition, lifestyle therapy
-MAOI's should be avoided
SSRI's appear to be safe
