Female Reproductive System Exam 7 Flashcards

1
Q

To establish new life and maintain the human species

A

Major Roles of Female Reproductive System

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2
Q

Protect the fetus during pregnancy

A

Major Roles of Female Reproductive System

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3
Q

Give birth

A

Major Roles of Female Reproductive System

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4
Q

Nourish babeh

A

Major Roles of Female Reproductive System

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5
Q

Internal Organs of Female Reproductive System

A
  • Ovaries
  • Fallopian Tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
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6
Q

Do A&P Anatomy stuff

A

check

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7
Q

The shape of an almond

A

Ovary

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8
Q

She has 2 of them

A

Ovary

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9
Q

Weight 3 grams

A

Ovary

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10
Q

fibrous covering (Similar to that of the testes in the male)

A

Tunica albuginea

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11
Q

Attached by ligaments in the pelvic cavity

A

Ovary

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12
Q

Attach ovary laterally to the pelvic walls

A

Suspensory Ligaments

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13
Q

Attach ovary medially to the uterus

A

Ovarian ligaments

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14
Q

Part of abdomenal serosa

A

Broad Ligaments

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15
Q

Fold of peritoneum covers

  • ovaries
  • supporting ligametns
A

Broad Ligaments

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16
Q

Supports ovary in between

-formed from peritoneum

A

Mesovarium

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17
Q

Hormones produced by ovaries

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

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18
Q

Three types of estrogen

A

estradiol
estrone
estriol

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19
Q

Most abundant estrogen

A

Estradiol

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20
Q

Each of these consist of

  • Oocyte
  • Surrounding nurse cells
A

Ovarian Follicles

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21
Q

an immature egg or female sex cell

A

oocyte

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22
Q

Two “nurse cells”

but are actually the exact same cells

A
  • Follicle cells

- Granulosa cells

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23
Q

Difference between Follicle cells and Granulosa cells?

A

Follicle cells only 1 cell layer thick
GRanulosa cells if layer > 1 cell thick
But are the exact same cell

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24
Q

= “Uterine tubes”

= “Oviducts”

A

Fallopian Tubes

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25
Q

Length 10 cm ~ 4 inches

A

Fallopian Tubes

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26
Q

Its lumen are lined with cilia

A

Fallopian Tubes

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27
Q

It is enclosed in braod ligament

A

Fallopian Tubes

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28
Q

It is medially connected to the uterus

A

Fallopian Tubes

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29
Q

Laterally

  • opens to the peritoneal cavity
  • end is flared
  • Has fimbriae
A

Fallopian Tubes

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30
Q

Finger-like projections of Fallopian Tubes that move so as to draw eggs toward the tubes

A

Fallopian Tubes

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31
Q

Hollow organ

A

Uterus

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32
Q

Size and shape of an inverted pear (for nulliparous lady)

A

Uterus

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33
Q

define nulliparous

A

never had a child

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34
Q

location is midline and superior, posterior to bladder

A

Uterus

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35
Q

Uterus lateral attachment

A

Broad ligaments

+ lateral cervical ligametns

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36
Q

Uterus anterior attachment

A

Round ligaments

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37
Q

Uterus posterior attachments

A

Uterosacral ligaments

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38
Q
Fundus
Isthmus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Epimtrium
A

5 parts of the body of Uterus

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39
Q

Rounded top of uterus

A

Fundus

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40
Q

Above and between fallopian tubes

A

Fundus

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41
Q

Slightly narrow area between fundus and cervix

A

Isthmus

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42
Q

Inner uterus layer with mucosal tissue

A

Endometrium

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43
Q

Middle uterus layer with smooth muscle

A

myometrium

Myo… muscle. MEH HEH!

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44
Q

Outer uterine layer

  • serous layer of tissue
  • part of visceral peritoneum
A

Epimetrium

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45
Q

Portion of uterus that protrudes into the vagina below

A

Cervix

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46
Q

Cervical os

A

Opening from uterus from vagina

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47
Q

aka “birth canal”

A

Vagina

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48
Q

Connects exterior of the body to cervix of uterus

A

Vagina

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49
Q

Hollow, stretchable tube

A

Vagina

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50
Q

8-10cm (3-4 inches) long

A

Vagina

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51
Q

pH 3.5-4

A

Vagina

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52
Q

Walls are

  • thin
  • muscular
  • stretchable
A

Vagina

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53
Q

partially covers opening from surface of body

A

Hymen

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54
Q

Thin fold of mucosa

Vascular

A

Hymen

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55
Q

opening from surface of body

A

=Introitus

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56
Q

External Organs of Female Reproductive System

A

Vulva

Breasts

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57
Q

Between the pubic bone and anus

A

Vulva

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58
Q
Includes:
Introitus
Hymen
Bartholin's Glands
Urethral Meatus
Clitoris
Labia
Minora
Labia Majora
Mons Pubis
A

Vulva

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59
Q

BTW which of those list is NOT connected to reproductive system in any way?

A

Urethral Meatus.. but it’s just there

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60
Q

=vaginal orifice

A

=Introitus

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61
Q

=Greater Vestibular Glands

A

Bartholins’ Glands

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62
Q

Secrete mucus-like lubricating fluid

A

Bartholins’ Glands

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63
Q

Erectile Tissue

  • analogue of male penis
  • sensitive to touch
  • swells with blood during sexual excitement
A

Clitoris

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64
Q

Located behind anterior junction of labia minora

A

Clitoris

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65
Q

“small lips”

A

Labia Minora

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66
Q

Located medial to labia majora

A

Labia Minora

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67
Q

Joined anteriorly in midline

A

Labia Minora

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68
Q

=area between labia minora

A

=Vestibule

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69
Q

Contains

  • clitoris
  • urethral orifice
  • vaginal orifice
  • orifices of ducts of Bartholin’s glands
A

Labia Minora

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70
Q

“large lips”

A

Labia Majora

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71
Q

Contain

  • fatty deposits
  • numerous glands
A

Labia Majora

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72
Q

Covered with (outer surface)

  • Pigmented skin
  • Hair (after puberty)
A

Labia Majora

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73
Q

Fatty, rounded area

Covers Pubic Symphysis

A

Mons Pubis

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74
Q

Main Purpose - Milk Production

A

Breasts

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75
Q

Origin: Modified Sweat Glands

A

Breasts

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76
Q

Size are similar to male initially

A

Breasts

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77
Q

Increase in size during puberty, when stimulated by female hormones, esp. estrogen

A

Breasts

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78
Q

Have 15-25 lobes or divisions

A

Breasts

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79
Q

Each lobe has several lobules

A

Breasts

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80
Q

clusters of grape-like arrangement of milk-producing cells within each lobule

A

Alveolar Glands

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81
Q

Formed from the interlobar connective tissue

A

Suspensory Ligaments

Breasts

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82
Q

Attach to

-underlying muscle fascia posteriorly

A

Suspensory Ligaments

Breasts

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83
Q

Attach to

-Overlying dermis, anteriorly

A

Suspensory Ligaments

Breasts

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84
Q

Provide natural support for breasts like built-in brassiere

A

Suspensory Ligaments

Breasts

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85
Q

covers mammary gland

A

Adipose Tissue

Breasts

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86
Q

Increasees in amounts

  • during puberty
  • under influence of female hormones
  • -especially estrogen
A

Adipose Tissue

Breasts

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87
Q

Its amount is largely responsible for breast size, not with amount of milk it can produce for baby

A

Adipose Tissue

Breasts

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88
Q

Connect alveoli of mammary gland to skin of nipple

A

Lactiferous Ducts

Breasts

89
Q

Contain lactiferous sinus

A

Lactiferous Ducts

Breasts

90
Q

Dilated region in which milk can accumulate

A

Lactiferous sinus

91
Q

Central Protruding area

A

Nipples

Breasts

92
Q

Contains one lactiferous duct from each lobe of mammary gland

A

Nipples

Breasts

93
Q

Contains smooth muscle

  • erect nipples
  • under control of autonomic nervous system, stimulated by: touch, sexual excitement, cold
A

Nipples

Breasts

94
Q

Pigmented area of skin

A

Areola

breasts

95
Q

Surrounds each nipple

A

Areola

breasts

96
Q

Contains large sebaceous (oil glands)

A

Areola

breasts

97
Q

Produce sebum, lowers chapping and cracking of skin of nipples

A

Areola

breasts

98
Q

Organs involved in Physiology of Female Reproductive System

A
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Ovaries
Uterus
Breast
99
Q

= The period of life when the reproductive organs grow to adult size and become functional

A

Puberty

100
Q

The earliest time that reproduction is possible

A

Puberty

101
Q

=first menstrual period

A

Menarche

102
Q

= period during which reproductive capability declines and ends

A

Menopause

103
Q

Range of 35-55 years of age

A

Menopause

104
Q

Median age of onset menopause

A

51.5 years of age

105
Q

does high levels of physical activity make menopause faster?

A

No

106
Q

Does high level of life stresses in white women make Menopause faster?

A

no

107
Q

Black women: 49.3 years
Being on a weight-loss diet: 50.5 years
Smoking: 50.6 years
Having irregular periods during the 40s: 50.2 years
higher life stresses in black women: 48.4 years

A

Groups prone to earlier menopause

108
Q

The Cyclic Natures of the Female Reproductive System

A

Hypothalamic Cyclle
Pituitary Cycle
Ovarian Cycle
Uterine Cycle

109
Q

fetal development, female baby, only exposed to ___ has a brain that is “female”

A

estrogen

110
Q

an aspect of female brain is that the ___ is programmed to secrete Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) on a cyclic basis

A

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamic Cycle

111
Q

cyclic GnRh by the hypothalamus can also be due to, in women, the lack of ___ during fetal development

A

Tesosterone

112
Q

It is this cyclic release of ___ that underlies the cyclic nature of the female’s reproductive system

A

GnRH

113
Q

During childhood, the ovaries grow and continuously secrete small amounts of ___

A

estrogens

114
Q

These ___ inhibit hypothalamic release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

estrogens

115
Q

As puberty nears, the hypothalamus

Becomes more?/less? sensitive to estrogen

A

less

116
Q

As puberty nears, the hypothalamus

Begins to release ___ in a rhythmic pulselike manner

A

GnRH

117
Q

Under the influence of GnRH, the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) releases the gonadotropins ___ & ___

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & LUtenizing Hormone (LH)

118
Q

Since ____ releases cyclically, ___ and ___ are released cyclically as well

A

GnRH; FSH & LH

119
Q

This cycle stimulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus

A

The Pituitary Cycle

120
Q

=reproductive hormones

A

Gonadotropins

121
Q

Gonadotropins released by pituitary glands

A

FSH and LH

122
Q

-Initiates and sustains growth of ovarian follicles

A

FSH

123
Q

-Stimulates estrogen production

A

FSH

124
Q

-Regulates growth of breasts and pubic hair and first ovarian follicles

A

LH

125
Q

Initiates ovulation

A

LH

126
Q

Converts ruptured Graafian follicle cells to corpus luteum

A

LH

127
Q

Stimulates progesterone production

A

LH

128
Q

Cycle includes

  • oogenesis
  • Follicular Development
A

Ovarian Cycle

129
Q

Female sex stem cell

A

Oogonia (Oogonium-singular)

130
Q

Found in developing female fetus

A

Oogonia (Oogonium-singular)

131
Q

Divides by mitosis to form primary oocytes

A

Oogonia (Oogonium-singular)

132
Q

Remain in this condition from birth until puberty or beyond

A

Primary Oocytes

133
Q

Then respond to FSH

A

Primary Oocytes

134
Q

Become surrounded by follicle cells

A

Primary oocytes

135
Q

= 1 primary oocyte + single layer of follicle cells

A

= ovarian follicle

136
Q

700,000 to 1 million at birth

A

Ovarian follicle

137
Q

another name for early developing follicle

A

Primary follicle

138
Q

About 400,000 present by puberty

A

Primary follicle

139
Q

Has beginning of antrum formation

A

Secondary follicle

140
Q

=hollow space in follicle cells

A

= Antrum

141
Q

Follicles secrete hormone ___

A

estrogen

142
Q

Puberty

A

Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female

143
Q

Lengthening of lone bones

A

Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female

144
Q

Feminization of skeleton (esp. pelvis

A

Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female

145
Q

Inhibit bone reabsorption

A

Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female

146
Q

Stimulate epiphyseal closure

A

Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female

147
Q

Hydration of skin

A

Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female

148
Q

Stimulate female pattern of fat deposition

A

Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female

149
Q

First sign of female puberty

A

Budding breasts

150
Q

What age first sign of female puberty?

A

8-13 years

151
Q

Second sign of puberty?

A

Axillary and pubic hair

152
Q

=frirst menstrual period

when does it regularly happen

A

Menarche

2 years after first sign of puberty

153
Q

How long until dependable ovulation and fertility?

A

4 years after budding breasts

2 years after first mensus

154
Q

Mature follicles =

A

Graafian follicles

155
Q

1 per months for about 30-45 years

~350-500 total

A

Graafian follicles

156
Q

Rupture at ovulation

Form CORPUS LUTEUM

A

Mature follicles

157
Q

means “yellow body”

A

corpus luteum

158
Q

Hormones corpus luteum secretes

A

Progesterone

159
Q

Tends to degenerate if fertilization doesn’t happen

A

corpus luteum

160
Q
Estrogen
Progesterone
Prolactin
Oxytocin
Relaxin
Inhibin
A

The Female Hormones

161
Q

These Hormones Influence the Breast

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Prolactin
Oxytocin

162
Q

Produced by follicle cells of ovary under the influence of FSH
-female need not be sexually mature

A

Estrogen

163
Q

Stimulates

  • Adipose deposition
  • Duct formation
  • Nipple developmen
A

Estrogen

164
Q
  • Stimulated by LH

- Produced by corpus luteum (Graafian follicle AFTER ovulation)

A

Progesterone

165
Q

Targets and stimulates development of cells of the mammary glands
-doesn’t happen until female reaches sexual maturity

A

Progesterone

166
Q

Since ____ doesn’t exist until after ovulation, and ovulation doesn’t occur until puberty, what’s true about mammary glands?

A

Mammary glands don’t develop until after female reaches sexual maturity

167
Q

-produced by adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) under stimulation of prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)

A

Prolactin

168
Q

Produced by hypothalamus

A

Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)

169
Q

Stimulated by increased

  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Human placental lactogen
  • Mechanical stimulation of nipples by sucking of baby
A

Prolactin-Releasing Hormone

170
Q

Prodced by adenohypophysis

A

Prolactin

171
Q

Targets mammary glands to produce liquids

A

Prolactin

172
Q

This is only produced for 2-3 days after birth

A

Colostrum

173
Q

This is all that’s produced afterwards

A

Milk

174
Q

Produced by hypothalamus; released by neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

A

Oxytocin

175
Q

Stimulated by suckling of infant

A

Oxytocin

176
Q

Targets myoepithelial cells surrounding mammary glands

Stimulates milk ejection, the let-down reflex

A

Oxytocin

177
Q

Inhibited by very high levels of estrogen and progesterone

e.g. when placenta is present

A

Oxytocin

178
Q

This cycle begins with the shedding of endometrial tissue = menses

A

Uterine Cycle

179
Q

This layer of endometrium remains

A

Basal Layer

180
Q

New layer grows under hormonal control, and is shed when hormonal stimulation lost

A

Functional Layer

181
Q

Days 1- 5

A

Menses = menstruation

182
Q
Uterine wall (endometrium) is detached and shed
Detached wall and blood are passed through the cervical os and vagina
Volume = 50 to 150 ml (1/4 to ½ cup)
A

Menses

183
Q

Days 6-N

N= number of the day of ovulation

A

Proliferative Phase=Preovulatory Phase

184
Q
  • Endometrium is rebuilt
  • Stimulated by estrogen from growing follicles in ovaries
  • -Which are growing due to FSH from pituitary gland
A

Days 6-N

Proliferative Phase

185
Q

Day N

A

Ovulation

186
Q

Stimulated by LH SURGE by Pituitary

A

Ovulation

187
Q

Days N+1 to L

where L = Last day (next day is Day 1)

A

Secretory Phase = Postovulatory Phase = Premenstrual Phase

188
Q

Stimulated by progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum

A

Secretory Phase

189
Q

Endometrial glands

  • Increase in size
  • Secrete nutrients into uterine cavity
A

Secretory Phase

190
Q

Day L

A

Menstrual period

191
Q

starts 14 days after ovulation

A

If no fertilization occurred

192
Q

can vary from 21 to 38 days

A

Day L

193
Q

number of days in cycle

A

=L

194
Q

PPT p 128 is cool

A

ok

195
Q

Happens < 500 times in a life time

A

Menses = Menstruation = Menstrual Period = Menstrual Phase

196
Q

Cycle length between 28-30 days

A

Menses

197
Q

Time between ___ and ___ is constantly 14 days, even if the cycle length varies

A

Ovulation; start of menstrual period

198
Q

“Middle pain”

Mittelschmerz

A

Due to stretch of ovarian wall prior to rupture of follicle

during mid cycle ovulation

199
Q

When ovum is pulled into Fallopian tubes

A

Mittelschmerz

200
Q

How long can sperm survive after ejaculation?

A

5-6 days

201
Q

____ head contains enzymes that help sperm penetrate egg

A

Acrosome

202
Q

Only ___ sperm gets into egg, but many must clear the way

A

There can only be one.

203
Q

Transit time for sperm from vagina to end of Fallopian tube is

A

1-2 hours

WHAT?!?!

204
Q

How long can ovum last after ovulation?

A

12-24 hours

205
Q

Sex must occur from ___ before to ___ after ovulation for fertilization

A

5 days before - 24 hours after

206
Q

Ideal when oocyte is usually about ___ the way down the Fallopian tube

A

1/3

207
Q

Sperm attracted to ovum by ___

A

chemicals (chemotaxis)

208
Q

Time of highest success pregnancy rate

A

Day of ovulation

209
Q

Lowest success rate pregnancy

A

5 days +/- ovulation`

210
Q

better to have sex before/after ovulation for better chances of pregnancy

A

1-2 days before until ovulation have best chances

211
Q

T/F: day of sex determines sex of baby

A

False

212
Q

T/F: timing of intercourse is related to genetic defects of baby

A

In mom’s life? Yes

But not as a matter of time per day

213
Q
  1. Absence of menstrual period
  2. Nausea and vomiting
  3. Frequency of Urination
  4. Enlargement and tenderness in breasts
A

Physiological Changes of Pregnancy

214
Q

About 33% of pregnant women have

A

Nausea and Vomiting

215
Q

-OPressure on bladder and - increase in blood plasma result in this for pregnant women

A

increased frequency of urination

216
Q

Milk ducts increase

More fat deposits

A

Enlargement and tenderness in breasts

217
Q

280 days =

A

40 weeks, but 38-42 is okay

218
Q

Parturition

A

= Labor and Birth = Childbirth

219
Q

Dilation
Expulsion
Placental

A

Stages of Labor