Female Reproductive System Exam 7 Flashcards
1
Q
To establish new life and maintain the human species
A
Major Roles of Female Reproductive System
2
Q
Protect the fetus during pregnancy
A
Major Roles of Female Reproductive System
3
Q
Give birth
A
Major Roles of Female Reproductive System
4
Q
Nourish babeh
A
Major Roles of Female Reproductive System
5
Q
Internal Organs of Female Reproductive System
A
- Ovaries
- Fallopian Tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
6
Q
Do A&P Anatomy stuff
A
check
7
Q
The shape of an almond
A
Ovary
8
Q
She has 2 of them
A
Ovary
9
Q
Weight 3 grams
A
Ovary
10
Q
fibrous covering (Similar to that of the testes in the male)
A
Tunica albuginea
11
Q
Attached by ligaments in the pelvic cavity
A
Ovary
12
Q
Attach ovary laterally to the pelvic walls
A
Suspensory Ligaments
13
Q
Attach ovary medially to the uterus
A
Ovarian ligaments
14
Q
Part of abdomenal serosa
A
Broad Ligaments
15
Q
Fold of peritoneum covers
- ovaries
- supporting ligametns
A
Broad Ligaments
16
Q
Supports ovary in between
-formed from peritoneum
A
Mesovarium
17
Q
Hormones produced by ovaries
A
Estrogen
Progesterone
18
Q
Three types of estrogen
A
estradiol
estrone
estriol
19
Q
Most abundant estrogen
A
Estradiol
20
Q
Each of these consist of
- Oocyte
- Surrounding nurse cells
A
Ovarian Follicles
21
Q
an immature egg or female sex cell
A
oocyte
22
Q
Two “nurse cells”
but are actually the exact same cells
A
- Follicle cells
- Granulosa cells
23
Q
Difference between Follicle cells and Granulosa cells?
A
Follicle cells only 1 cell layer thick
GRanulosa cells if layer > 1 cell thick
But are the exact same cell
24
Q
= “Uterine tubes”
= “Oviducts”
A
Fallopian Tubes
25
Length 10 cm ~ 4 inches
Fallopian Tubes
26
Its lumen are lined with cilia
Fallopian Tubes
27
It is enclosed in braod ligament
Fallopian Tubes
28
It is medially connected to the uterus
Fallopian Tubes
29
Laterally
- opens to the peritoneal cavity
- end is flared
- Has fimbriae
Fallopian Tubes
30
Finger-like projections of Fallopian Tubes that move so as to draw eggs toward the tubes
Fallopian Tubes
31
Hollow organ
Uterus
32
Size and shape of an inverted pear (for nulliparous lady)
Uterus
33
define nulliparous
never had a child
34
location is midline and superior, posterior to bladder
Uterus
35
Uterus lateral attachment
Broad ligaments
| + lateral cervical ligametns
36
Uterus anterior attachment
Round ligaments
37
Uterus posterior attachments
Uterosacral ligaments
38
```
Fundus
Isthmus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Epimtrium
```
5 parts of the body of Uterus
39
Rounded top of uterus
Fundus
40
Above and between fallopian tubes
Fundus
41
Slightly narrow area between fundus and cervix
Isthmus
42
Inner uterus layer with mucosal tissue
Endometrium
43
Middle uterus layer with smooth muscle
myometrium
| Myo... muscle. MEH HEH!
44
Outer uterine layer
- serous layer of tissue
- part of visceral peritoneum
Epimetrium
45
Portion of uterus that protrudes into the vagina below
Cervix
46
Cervical os
Opening from uterus from vagina
47
aka "birth canal"
Vagina
48
Connects exterior of the body to cervix of uterus
Vagina
49
Hollow, stretchable tube
Vagina
50
8-10cm (3-4 inches) long
Vagina
51
pH 3.5-4
Vagina
52
Walls are
- thin
- muscular
- stretchable
Vagina
53
partially covers opening from surface of body
Hymen
54
Thin fold of mucosa
| Vascular
Hymen
55
opening from surface of body
=Introitus
56
External Organs of Female Reproductive System
Vulva
| Breasts
57
Between the pubic bone and anus
Vulva
58
```
Includes:
Introitus
Hymen
Bartholin's Glands
Urethral Meatus
Clitoris
Labia
Minora
Labia Majora
Mons Pubis
```
Vulva
59
BTW which of those list is NOT connected to reproductive system in any way?
Urethral Meatus.. but it's just there
60
=vaginal orifice
=Introitus
61
=Greater Vestibular Glands
Bartholins' Glands
62
Secrete mucus-like lubricating fluid
Bartholins' Glands
63
Erectile Tissue
- analogue of male penis
- sensitive to touch
- swells with blood during sexual excitement
Clitoris
64
Located behind anterior junction of labia minora
Clitoris
65
"small lips"
Labia Minora
66
Located medial to labia majora
Labia Minora
67
Joined anteriorly in midline
Labia Minora
68
=area between labia minora
=Vestibule
69
Contains
- clitoris
- urethral orifice
- vaginal orifice
- orifices of ducts of Bartholin's glands
Labia Minora
70
"large lips"
Labia Majora
71
Contain
- fatty deposits
- numerous glands
Labia Majora
72
Covered with (outer surface)
- Pigmented skin
- Hair (after puberty)
Labia Majora
73
Fatty, rounded area
| Covers Pubic Symphysis
Mons Pubis
74
Main Purpose - Milk Production
Breasts
75
Origin: Modified Sweat Glands
Breasts
76
Size are similar to male initially
Breasts
77
Increase in size during puberty, when stimulated by female hormones, esp. estrogen
Breasts
78
Have 15-25 lobes or divisions
Breasts
79
Each lobe has several lobules
Breasts
80
clusters of grape-like arrangement of milk-producing cells within each lobule
Alveolar Glands
81
Formed from the interlobar connective tissue
Suspensory Ligaments
| Breasts
82
Attach to
| -underlying muscle fascia posteriorly
Suspensory Ligaments
| Breasts
83
Attach to
| -Overlying dermis, anteriorly
Suspensory Ligaments
| Breasts
84
Provide natural support for breasts like built-in brassiere
Suspensory Ligaments
| Breasts
85
covers mammary gland
Adipose Tissue
| Breasts
86
Increasees in amounts
- during puberty
- under influence of female hormones
- -especially estrogen
Adipose Tissue
| Breasts
87
Its amount is largely responsible for breast size, not with amount of milk it can produce for baby
Adipose Tissue
| Breasts
88
Connect alveoli of mammary gland to skin of nipple
Lactiferous Ducts
| Breasts
89
Contain lactiferous sinus
Lactiferous Ducts
| Breasts
90
Dilated region in which milk can accumulate
Lactiferous sinus
91
Central Protruding area
Nipples
| Breasts
92
Contains one lactiferous duct from each lobe of mammary gland
Nipples
| Breasts
93
Contains smooth muscle
- erect nipples
- under control of autonomic nervous system, stimulated by: touch, sexual excitement, cold
Nipples
| Breasts
94
Pigmented area of skin
Areola
| breasts
95
Surrounds each nipple
Areola
| breasts
96
Contains large sebaceous (oil glands)
Areola
| breasts
97
Produce sebum, lowers chapping and cracking of skin of nipples
Areola
| breasts
98
Organs involved in Physiology of Female Reproductive System
```
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Ovaries
Uterus
Breast
```
99
= The period of life when the reproductive organs grow to adult size and become functional
Puberty
100
The earliest time that reproduction is possible
Puberty
101
=first menstrual period
Menarche
102
= period during which reproductive capability declines and ends
Menopause
103
Range of 35-55 years of age
Menopause
104
Median age of onset menopause
51.5 years of age
105
does high levels of physical activity make menopause faster?
No
106
Does high level of life stresses in white women make Menopause faster?
no
107
Black women: 49.3 years
Being on a weight-loss diet: 50.5 years
Smoking: 50.6 years
Having irregular periods during the 40s: 50.2 years
higher life stresses in black women: 48.4 years
Groups prone to earlier menopause
108
The Cyclic Natures of the Female Reproductive System
Hypothalamic Cyclle
Pituitary Cycle
Ovarian Cycle
Uterine Cycle
109
fetal development, female baby, only exposed to ___ has a brain that is "female"
estrogen
110
an aspect of female brain is that the ___ is programmed to secrete Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) on a cyclic basis
Hypothalamus
| Hypothalamic Cycle
111
cyclic GnRh by the hypothalamus can also be due to, in women, the lack of ___ during fetal development
Tesosterone
112
It is this cyclic release of ___ that underlies the cyclic nature of the female’s reproductive system
GnRH
113
During childhood, the ovaries grow and continuously secrete small amounts of ___
estrogens
114
These ___ inhibit hypothalamic release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
estrogens
115
As puberty nears, the hypothalamus
| Becomes more?/less? sensitive to estrogen
less
116
As puberty nears, the hypothalamus
| Begins to release ___ in a rhythmic pulselike manner
GnRH
117
Under the influence of GnRH, the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) releases the gonadotropins ___ & ___
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & LUtenizing Hormone (LH)
118
Since ____ releases cyclically, ___ and ___ are released cyclically as well
GnRH; FSH & LH
119
This cycle stimulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus
The Pituitary Cycle
120
=reproductive hormones
Gonadotropins
121
Gonadotropins released by pituitary glands
FSH and LH
122
-Initiates and sustains growth of ovarian follicles
FSH
123
-Stimulates estrogen production
FSH
124
-Regulates growth of breasts and pubic hair and first ovarian follicles
LH
125
Initiates ovulation
LH
126
Converts ruptured Graafian follicle cells to corpus luteum
LH
127
Stimulates progesterone production
LH
128
Cycle includes
- oogenesis
- Follicular Development
Ovarian Cycle
129
Female sex stem cell
Oogonia (Oogonium-singular)
130
Found in developing female fetus
Oogonia (Oogonium-singular)
131
Divides by mitosis to form primary oocytes
Oogonia (Oogonium-singular)
132
Remain in this condition from birth until puberty or beyond
Primary Oocytes
133
Then respond to FSH
Primary Oocytes
134
Become surrounded by follicle cells
Primary oocytes
135
= 1 primary oocyte + single layer of follicle cells
= ovarian follicle
136
700,000 to 1 million at birth
Ovarian follicle
137
another name for early developing follicle
Primary follicle
138
About 400,000 present by puberty
Primary follicle
139
Has beginning of antrum formation
Secondary follicle
140
=hollow space in follicle cells
= Antrum
141
Follicles secrete hormone ___
estrogen
142
Puberty
Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female
143
Lengthening of lone bones
Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female
144
Feminization of skeleton (esp. pelvis
Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female
145
Inhibit bone reabsorption
Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female
146
Stimulate epiphyseal closure
Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female
147
Hydration of skin
Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female
148
Stimulate female pattern of fat deposition
Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female
149
First sign of female puberty
Budding breasts
150
What age first sign of female puberty?
8-13 years
151
Second sign of puberty?
Axillary and pubic hair
152
=frirst menstrual period
| when does it regularly happen
Menarche
| 2 years after first sign of puberty
153
How long until dependable ovulation and fertility?
4 years after budding breasts
| 2 years after first mensus
154
Mature follicles =
Graafian follicles
155
1 per months for about 30-45 years
| ~350-500 total
Graafian follicles
156
Rupture at ovulation
| Form CORPUS LUTEUM
Mature follicles
157
means "yellow body"
corpus luteum
158
Hormones corpus luteum secretes
Progesterone
159
Tends to degenerate if fertilization doesn't happen
corpus luteum
160
```
Estrogen
Progesterone
Prolactin
Oxytocin
Relaxin
Inhibin
```
The Female Hormones
161
These Hormones Influence the Breast
Estrogen
Progesterone
Prolactin
Oxytocin
162
Produced by follicle cells of ovary under the influence of FSH
-female need not be sexually mature
Estrogen
163
Stimulates
- Adipose deposition
- Duct formation
- Nipple developmen
Estrogen
164
- Stimulated by LH
| - Produced by corpus luteum (Graafian follicle AFTER ovulation)
Progesterone
165
Targets and stimulates development of cells of the mammary glands
-doesn't happen until female reaches sexual maturity
Progesterone
166
Since ____ doesn't exist until after ovulation, and ovulation doesn't occur until puberty, what's true about mammary glands?
Mammary glands don't develop until after female reaches sexual maturity
167
-produced by adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) under stimulation of prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
Prolactin
168
Produced by hypothalamus
Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)
169
Stimulated by increased
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
- Human placental lactogen
- Mechanical stimulation of nipples by sucking of baby
Prolactin-Releasing Hormone
170
Prodced by adenohypophysis
Prolactin
171
Targets mammary glands to produce liquids
Prolactin
172
This is only produced for 2-3 days after birth
Colostrum
173
This is all that's produced afterwards
Milk
174
Produced by hypothalamus; released by neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
Oxytocin
175
Stimulated by suckling of infant
Oxytocin
176
Targets myoepithelial cells surrounding mammary glands
| Stimulates milk ejection, the let-down reflex
Oxytocin
177
Inhibited by very high levels of estrogen and progesterone
| e.g. when placenta is present
Oxytocin
178
This cycle begins with the shedding of endometrial tissue = menses
Uterine Cycle
179
This layer of endometrium remains
Basal Layer
180
New layer grows under hormonal control, and is shed when hormonal stimulation lost
Functional Layer
181
Days 1- 5
Menses = menstruation
182
```
Uterine wall (endometrium) is detached and shed
Detached wall and blood are passed through the cervical os and vagina
Volume = 50 to 150 ml (1/4 to ½ cup)
```
Menses
183
Days 6-N
| N= number of the day of ovulation
Proliferative Phase=Preovulatory Phase
184
- Endometrium is rebuilt
- Stimulated by estrogen from growing follicles in ovaries
- -Which are growing due to FSH from pituitary gland
Days 6-N
| Proliferative Phase
185
Day N
Ovulation
186
Stimulated by LH SURGE by Pituitary
Ovulation
187
Days N+1 to L
| where L = Last day (next day is Day 1)
Secretory Phase = Postovulatory Phase = Premenstrual Phase
188
Stimulated by progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum
Secretory Phase
189
Endometrial glands
- Increase in size
- Secrete nutrients into uterine cavity
Secretory Phase
190
Day L
Menstrual period
191
starts 14 days after ovulation
If no fertilization occurred
192
can vary from 21 to 38 days
Day L
193
number of days in cycle
=L
194
PPT p 128 is cool
ok
195
Happens < 500 times in a life time
Menses = Menstruation = Menstrual Period = Menstrual Phase
196
Cycle length between 28-30 days
Menses
197
Time between ___ and ___ is constantly 14 days, even if the cycle length varies
Ovulation; start of menstrual period
198
"Middle pain"
| Mittelschmerz
Due to stretch of ovarian wall prior to rupture of follicle
| during mid cycle ovulation
199
When ovum is pulled into Fallopian tubes
Mittelschmerz
200
How long can sperm survive after ejaculation?
5-6 days
201
____ head contains enzymes that help sperm penetrate egg
Acrosome
202
Only ___ sperm gets into egg, but many must clear the way
There can only be one.
203
Transit time for sperm from vagina to end of Fallopian tube is
1-2 hours
| WHAT?!?!
204
How long can ovum last after ovulation?
12-24 hours
205
Sex must occur from ___ before to ___ after ovulation for fertilization
5 days before - 24 hours after
206
Ideal when oocyte is usually about ___ the way down the Fallopian tube
1/3
207
Sperm attracted to ovum by ___
chemicals (chemotaxis)
208
Time of highest success pregnancy rate
Day of ovulation
209
Lowest success rate pregnancy
5 days +/- ovulation`
210
better to have sex before/after ovulation for better chances of pregnancy
1-2 days before until ovulation have best chances
211
T/F: day of sex determines sex of baby
False
212
T/F: timing of intercourse is related to genetic defects of baby
In mom's life? Yes
| But not as a matter of time per day
213
1. Absence of menstrual period
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Frequency of Urination
4. Enlargement and tenderness in breasts
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy
214
About 33% of pregnant women have
Nausea and Vomiting
215
-OPressure on bladder and - increase in blood plasma result in this for pregnant women
increased frequency of urination
216
Milk ducts increase
| More fat deposits
Enlargement and tenderness in breasts
217
280 days =
40 weeks, but 38-42 is okay
218
Parturition
= Labor and Birth = Childbirth
219
Dilation
Expulsion
Placental
Stages of Labor
