Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

OB Ultrasound > Fetal complications > Flashcards

Fetal complications Flashcards

1
Q

Defined as a fetus weighing below the 10th percentile for gestational age

A

Intrauterine growth retardation IUGR/ Fetal growth restrictions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The most accurate dating of a pregnancy is by the first trimester ________ _________ _______or a firmly known _______ _______ __________ ___________

A

Crown rump length, or a firmly known last menstrual period date

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

There are many causes of IUGR with most of them relating to conditions related to the __________, _________, and ________ __________ _________

A

Uterus, placenta, and placental transfer rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A decreasing uterine plasma volume is thought to be a ________ physiologic factor in IUGR

A

Major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What will happen to the developing fetus when it does not receive enough nutrition to provide for normal metabolic needs?

A

It won’t grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Maternal conditions which may affect uterine plasma volume

A 
Poor nutritional status
Smoking, drug or alcohol abuse
Multiple gestation
severe anemia
Diabetes
Torch infection
Chronic renal disease
Severe chronic asthma
RH sensitization
Extremes of age under 17 or over 35
High altitude
Heart disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Placental conditions which may affect uterine plasma volume

A 
Placental infarcts and hamangiomas/ chorioangiomas
Small placenta 
Single umbilical artery
Abruption
Placental insufficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fetal conditions which may affect uterine plasma volume

A

Chromosomal or genetic abnormalities

Intrauterime infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Growth restricted fetuses are born with diminished stores of fat and glycogen and therefore, likely to be _________

A

Hypoglycemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nutritional support is needed until the infant ____________ it’s glycogen and fat deposits

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Clinical signs or IDGR include?

A

Uterus measuring small for dates

History of maternal condition which is associated with IUGR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

IUGR can be ___________ or __________

A

Symmetric or asymmetric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q 
Accounts for 25%
Less common
Affects the entire fetus
Etiology is often genetic or due to maternal infection
Onset may be earlier in gestation
A

Symmetric IUGR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sono findings for Symmetric IUGR

A

All measurements are more than two wks below expected in the 2nd trimester or below three wks in the 3rd trimester
(remember the 1, 2, 3 rule about size in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester)
Oligohydramnios
Low biophysical profile score

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two things that all measurements are based on?

A

either a firm LMP date or on a first trimester ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The __________ ___________ is usually consistent with dates when the other parameters are less than expected

A

transcerebellar diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Accounts for 75% or the vast majority of intrauterine growth retardation
Occurs usually in the last 8-10 wks of pregnancy

A

Asymmetric IUGR- brain sparing IUGR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

____________ patterns in the fetus attempt to protect the fetal brain so it receives most of the nutrient rich blood first, and as a result, there is __________ between the head size and the abdominal size

A

Hemodynamic, Asymmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ultrasound findings for Asymmetric IUGR

A
  • The head to body ratio for HC/ AC ratio is greater than two standard deviations above normal
  • The abdominal circumference measures greater than two weeks behind the head circumference
  • Oligohydramnios
  • *The head is of normal size and the abdomen is smaller
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What Doppler technique has been proven as diagnostic for IUGR?

A

There is no single Doppler technique that has been proven as a diagnostic for IUGR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The predictive value of Doppler in IUGR has been shown to be, ?

A

low, 20-40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Measurements of _________ ____________ resistance are the most widely accepted

A

Umbilical artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Normally, there is a progressive decrease in the resistance in the umbilical artery during the course of

A

Pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is the umbilical artery low during pregnancy?

A

to make it easy for the fetus to get rid of wastes back to the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Resistive index should be
less than 0.8
26
Systolic/ diastolic ratio greater than ______is considered abnormal after _______ wks
3.0, 30
27
Ratios can be higher if measured closer to the fetal cord insertion so they should be taken closer to the
Placental cord insertion
28
Absent or reverse flow in the umbilical artery is an
ominous sign
29
What is the proper technique to measure the resistance and the systolic/ diastolic ratio
have an angle of insonation as close to zero with respect to the umbilical artery (as parallel as possible to the artery)
30
Destruction of fetal red blood cells by antibodies with subsequent fetal or neonatal complications
Erythoblastosis fetalis
31
What are the causes of Erythroblastosis fetalis
RH incompatibility ABQ incompatibility Iso immune disease other minor blood group incompatibilities
32
What are the clinical manifestations for erythroblastosis fetalis?
Congestive heart failure Fetal death Hydrops fetalis
33
An excessive accumulation of fluid in fetal tissues and body cavities. Interstitial edema, plural and pericardial effusion's and ascites
Hydrops fetalis
34
Name the two types of hydrops
Immune hydrops | Nonimmune hydrops
35
- Secondary to Rh incompatibility (Rh isoimmunization) - Occurs when Rh negative mother and an Rh positive father have a baby - The fetus is Rh positive - Maternal antibodies recognize Rh antigens on fetal blood cells as foreign
Immune hydrops
36
The maternal antibodies attack and destroy __________
Red blood cells
37
What does the destruction of red blood cells result in?
Erythroblastocysts fetalis | Fetal anemia, which results in hydrops
38
Fetal red blood cells generally do not cross the placenta so exposure of fetal cell to maternal circulation occurs at
Delivery, abortion, placental abruption, hemorrhage, amniocentesis
39
During which pregnancy does the most trouble occur, due to maternal antibodies?
In the second pregnancy due to prior blood mixing after delivery of the first baby
40
What is given to the mother after each pregnancy and also after amniocentesis to prevent antibodies from forming, and to protect future pregnancies?
RhoGAM or Rh isoimmunization
41
Middle cerebral artery Doppler can help determine the likelyhood of ?
Fetal anemia
42
The MCA (middle cerebral artery) is examined close to its origin from the ?
Internal carotid artery
43
When measuring the MCA Doppler at what angle of the ultrasound beam and the direction of blood flow be?
0 degrees
44
The risk of anemia is highest in fetuses with a pre-transfusion peak systolic velocity of _______ times the median or higher
1.5
45
True or False The fetal heart is pumping with a higher velocity and often, a higher rate in an effort to get oxygen to the tissues. Because the number of red blood cells is low, due to destruction the body compensates by doing this.
True
46
Red blood cell destruction
Hemolysis
47
A byproduct of the destruction of red blood cells
Bilirubin
48
The patient may need serial amniocentesis to determine if ____________ is occurring by testing the bilirubin levels in the amniotic fluid.
Hemolysis
49
What is more accurate for fetal anemia to determine if hemolysis is occurring?
Cordocentesis or percutaneous blood sampling (PUBS)
50
Intrauterine transfusions using ultrasound guidance can be performed to treat ___________, ideally after the onset of anemia but before the onset of fetal hydrops
anemia
51
Hydrops due to any other cause besides Rh sensitization
Non-immune hydrops
52
What are the causes of Non-immune hydrops?
``` Cardiac anomalies/ arrhythmia Infections like torch and fifths disease Chromosomal abnormalities Congenital blood disorders Twin/twin transfusion syndrome Abdominal or pulmonary masses which lead to venous obstruction ```
53
What are the Ultrasound findings in hydrops?
``` Pericardial effusion (earliest sign) Ascites Fetal skin thickening/edema/anasarca Placental thickening >5cm in AP dimensions Pleural effusions Hepatosplenomegally Polyhydramnios Enlarged umbilical vein, >1cm ```
54
Occurs during the second or third trimester,
Fetal demise
55
What does the sonographic appearance of fetal demise depend on?
It depends on when after the demise the fetus is examined`
56
What are the ultrasound findings of fetal demise?
``` Absent cardiac activity Exaggerated fetal position, flexion Roberts sign Spaulding sign Fetal maceration Duels sign/halo sign ```
57
Echogenic foci which represents gas in pulmonary vessels or in the abdomen, this is a delayed finding, occuring after a wk after demise
Roberts sign
58
Overlapping skull bones, also a delayed finding seen about a wk after demise
Spaulding sign
59
A halo seen radiographically secondary to subcutaneous scalp edema
Duels sign/ Halo sign
60
Oligohydramnios
Low biophysical profile score

OB Ultrasound (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions