Fetal Central Nervous System Part 2 Flashcards
An intracranial abnormality that is dilation of the ventricular system, because of an increase in CSF. It may indicate a blockage somewhere. This abnormality is called when the transverse dimension of the ventricular atrium exceeds 10mm.
Ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus
What are the three classifications of hydrocephalus?
- Obstructive or non communicating
- Communicating
- Idiopathic (unknown cause)
Which classification of hydrocephalus is caused by obstruction of CSF flow due to Aqueductal Stenosis, a cerebral abnormality like spina bifida, or tumor.
Obstructive or non communicating
Which classification of hydrocephalus is a dilation of all ventricles and the subarachnoid space caused by an obstruction of CSF flow outside of the ventricular system, usually caused by a faulty absorption of CSF or increase CSF production.
Communicating
What is seen sonographically with ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus?
- normal ventricular configuration with ventricular size greater than 10mm
- Sometimes choroid plexus, dangling within the enlarged ventricular system
- Associated findings include polyhydraminos, meningomyelocele, encephalocele, intracranial tumor, Dandy-Walker malformation.
If there is a brain abnormality, the fetus will not swallow the fluid normally and the result is _____________.
polyhydramnios
This is a whole spectrum of disorders resulting from absent or incomplete division of the forebrain (prosencephalon) into the cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles.
Holoprosencephaly
____________ can be sporadic, due to chromosomal abnormailities (especially Trisomy 13) or maternal infection
Holoprosencephaly
What does “the face predicts the brain” mean?
The more severe the facial abnormality, the more severe the intracranial or brain abnormality.
Facial anomalies may range from __________ (one single orbit) with a proboscis (a large structure that looks like a nose), to __________ (close-set eyes) to facial clefts.
cyclopia
hypotelorism
What are the 3 types of Holoprosencephaly?
- Alobar holoprosencephaly
- Semi-lobar holoprosencephaly
- Lobar holoprosencephaly
Which type of holoprosencephaly is described below:
- more severe form
- monoventricle
- fused thalami
- absence of the falx
Alobar holoprosencephaly
Which type of holoprosencephaly is described below:
- partial separation of ventricles and hemispheres with occipital lobe present
- incompletely fused thalami
Semi-lobar holoprosencephaly
Which type of holoprosencephaly is described below:
- least severe form
- normal separation of the paired thalami, hemispheres and ventricles
- cavum septum pellucidum will be absent **
- also absence of the olfactory tracks (we never see these on ultrasound)
Lobar holoprosencephaly
A destructive disorder due to bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion or malformation in fetal life. The cerebral hemispheres will not form but have in tact and normally developed skull and meninges or coverings of the brain. (a giant water head with no cortex)
Hydranencephaly
***The key difference between hydranencephaly and holoprosencephaly is that the _______ _______ is intact.
falx cerebri