fermented foods

Question 1

microorganisms have been used for —- of years

Answer 1

1000s

Question 2

what does fermentation do

Answer 2

extends shelf life,
improves nutritional value
increases lysine, vitamins B and C

enhanced taste aroma and texture

Question 3

which processes are normally used in fermentation

Answer 3

bacteria
acids
yeast
alcohol

Question 4

in the past which microorganism were used

Answer 4

naturally occurring

Question 5

which microorganisms are now used

Answer 5

starter cultures

Question 6

do any foods still contain the natural flora for fermentation

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

what problems does using normal flora cause

Answer 7

inconsistency in quality and premature spoilage

also can produce dangerous toxins

Question 8

the bongkrek (coconut press cake) is associated with what when homemade

Answer 8

deaths

Question 9

is the coconut cake is not quickly covered with fungal growth you may get growth of ……..

Answer 9

Burkholderia gladiolo var cocovenenans

Question 10

Burkholderia gladiolo var cocovenenans produces which toxins

Answer 10

Toxoflavin,

Bongkrekic acid (more deadly than cyanide )

Question 11

what is tempeh made of

Answer 11

soy beans

Question 12

name the traditional two stage production of tempeh

Answer 12

Soaking - bacterial fermentation

mould fermentation - add mould starter culture

Question 13

what prevents the growth of pathogens in tempeh

Answer 13

natural lactic acid bacteria

Question 14

what is the danger with tempeh

Answer 14

insufficient acidification

Question 15

how to prevent the dangers with tempeh

Answer 15

investigate lactic acid bacteria for antagonistic effects (e.g Bacteriocins )

use bacteriocins produces as starter culture in soaking process

Question 16

how can we improve a suitable organism

Answer 16

Mutagenesis and recombination

Question 17

describe mutagenesis

Answer 17

physical treatment - irradiation

chemical treatment - ethyl methane sulphate

Question 18

describe Recombination

Answer 18

conjugation
genetic modification
parasexual breeding (fungi)
protoplast fusion

Question 19

why would you want to improve the organism

Answer 19

improve selected strain to give increased yield of product

faster growth etc

Question 20

what is the new approach of genome shuffling

Answer 20

CSI then multi parental crossing via protoplast fusion

select most promising strain and then use second round of protoplast fusion

Question 21

2 rounds of genome shuffling is equivalent to what

Answer 21

20 rounds of CSI

Question 22

give an example of genome shuffling

Answer 22

antibiotic TYLOSIN

Question 23

what is classical strain improvement

Answer 23

CSI

Question 24

what is CSI

Answer 24

mutagenesis and screening