fermentation/photosynthesis Flashcards
how do we generate energy from fats
they are broke down into fatty acids and glycerol
glycerol is used as G3P and enters into cycle
how is energy generated from proteins
broken down into amino acids
goes into pyruvate, acetyl coa, and krebs cycle
produces NH3 as waste, which we pee out
biosynthesis
intermediates of cellular respiration are use to synthesize fats and monomers
what is the primary product of photosynthesis
g3p
what if there is no O2
considered fermentation
glycolysis stops because NAD+ runs out
how do animals replenish NAD+
they use pyruvate and NADH to form lactate and NAD+
how many ATP does the process of fermentation make vs cellular respiration
only 2 vs 32
where does sugar come from
photosynthesis
where does ALL O2 come from
photosynthesis
chloroplasts evolved from
bacteria
what are the role of thykaloids in the choloroplasts
capture light energy which turns into ATP and NADPH
function of the stoma
CO2 is turned into sugar here via the calvin cycle
what is the role of NADPH
reducing agent for sugar (loses electrons)
it turns CO2 into a hydrocarbon
difference between cr and photosynthesis
cr starts with organics that become oxidized
photosynthesis starts with inorganics where some become reduced and some oxidized
TQ: where does the O2 in photosynthesis come from?
from CO2
where do the hydrogens come from?
from H2O
2 major steps in photosynthesis
light reactions
calvin cycle
how are photosynthesis and cr opposites
opposite products and reactants
light reaction processes
harvests electrons from H2O and uses solar power to make ATP and NADPH
The ATP and NADPH from light reactions are used in the calvin cycle by
using CO2, ATP, and NADPH to produce sugar then cycled back in as ADP and NADP+
the photosystem structure function
captures the light
made up of proteins and chlorophyll
light hitting chlorophyll stimulates electrons which ends up at primary electron acceptor
the electrons are replaced from H2O, releasing O2 and H
how does chlorophyll get excited
light hits pigment molecule, excites electron
these get absorbed or released by photons, which can decrease or increase energy
how does light work
excited electrons fall back, releasing energy and shooting off a photon
why are plants green
cholorphyll absorbs visible light waves except for green, which it reflects
why are photosystems 1 and 2 linked
to make ATP and NADPH
where does the calvin cycle occur
occurs in the stoma
phase one of calvin cycle is called
carbon fixation
enzyme present in phase one
rubisco (most abundant enzyme on earth)
rubisco function
makes a 5C molecule into a 6C molecule
what is used in phase one
ATP and NADPH from light reactions
phase 2 of calvin cycle is called
reduction
process of phase 2
g3P is made and used to make glucose
